Somalia: Situation Report no. 7 – 22 Feb 2008

Main Developments

A major search for arms in the main market in Mogadishu, Bakara, triggered heavy fighting this week between Ethiopian/Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces and anti-government elements. Following the fighting on 18 and early hours of 19 February, at least seven people died including three civilians and several others were wounded. Fresh fighting broke out again on 21 February with about five casualties reported. There was restricted movement in and out of the market during the week completely paralysing trading for thousands of civilians left in Mogadishu who solely depend on the market for their daily income. Despite the skirmishes, WFP supported 'wet feeding' programme is ongoing in 10 districts feeding an average of 53,000 people on a daily basis.

Meanwhile, on 20 February, the UN Security Council extended the African Union-led mission in Somalia for another six months. Currently, the mission, which has also been attacked several times by anti-government elements, consists of 1,700 Ugandans and 192 Burundian troops.
In order to eventually phase out water trucking along the Mogadishu/Afgooye road and establish more sustainable water supply, partners in the water cluster are rehabilitating and developing existing water supply systems including extension of water pipeline, and construction of water tanks, bladders and kiosks. Construction of 1,100 additional latrines and wash basins are also ongoing. UNICEF and partners commenced the second round of a health campaign to provide 56,000 children under five and 11,200 pregnant women in the Afgooye Corridor with basic immunization, Vitamin A and iron supplementation and de-worming. The first round took place in early December 2007.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) latest Weather Hazards Impact Assessment confirms that rainfall has been below-normal for the short rains season (October - December) in most parts of east Africa. In the central regions of Somalia, this has caused poor pasture conditions and limited water availability for the pastoral and agro-pastoral populations. Already, the central regions of Mudug and Galgaduud are experiencing severe drought. In southern Somalia, the assessment says crops suffered from the low rainfall totals, which could limit food availability until the next harvest season in March.

The priorities in the area are food and water and a number of UN agencies and Non Governmental Organisations are in the area responding to the crisis. In Galgaduud, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) completed a non-food items distribution to about 8,000 households and another to 4,000 households in Mudug region. Plans in the coming weeks to upscale operations in the area are at an advanced stage.

Puntland

The overall security situation in Puntland has been unsatisfactory following threats of kidnapping of aid workers and actual kidnappings. The current situation does not yet allow a return of NGO international staff and might also compromise smooth running of operations in the area.

Severely wounded people from the bomb blast on 5 February might be discharged as authorities claim that they are taking up much needed space in the hospital. The discharges could cause concerns as some of them have undergone amputations and may need further specialized care. Humanitarian workers in Bossaso are advocating for alternative places where the people can stay. Other victims have been supported with provision of 24 jerry cans, 34 insecticides treated bed nets and plastic sheets during the week.

In response to the fire that broke out in five Internally Displaced Peoples (IDP)' camps in Bossaso on 7 February; UNICEF has provided 140 family relief kits and 280 jerry cans.
For those displaced by the Sool conflict, UNICEF has so far provided 2,000 family relief kits and supplies to purify water, including over 6,000 jerry cans, eight bladder tanks and two drums of chlorine along with training on how to use it. Agencies continue to rehabilitate wells, truck in water and construct latrines (400 planned), as well sd raise awareness amongst IDPs about the importance of hygiene. In addition, eight health posts have been provided with supplies and essential drugs, and some 6,380 IDP families have received mosquito nets. Health and Nutrition mobile teams continue to reach locations where no health facilities are available with basic health services and immunisation.

Other

CARE International Somalia, with support from the Disaster Emergency Committee (UK), has prepared a Somali language version of 'The Sphere Project' manual to be shared with humanitarian workers (both UN and NGO) and Government officials in Somalia. The Sphere manual gives minimum standards in disaster response as well as a broad process for collaboration, and is an expression of commitment to quality and accountability in humanitarian work.

Further Information, contact:

Rita Maingi on +254 734 800 120 - maingir@un.org
Muna Mohamed on + 254 733 643 737 - mohamed26@un.org

Wariye sakariye carab cadan iyo safarkiisa qurbaha

Waxa-yaab Igu Dhaliyaya Intii Aan Socdaalka Ku Jiray…….. Laakin Waxa Aan War….
Breda-(holand)-Waxa igu dheer inta sacadood ee iga hadhay xilkaga aan socdaalka bilaabayo waxaan sugaaba waa sacaada iyo midhidhada aan taggyo madaarka horaa loo yidh waxa aad sugayso dheeraa waxaan hamigayga ku wayn waa safarkayga oo wata shucuur gaar ah

Meeshan u socdo iyo meeshaan ka tagayo waa meel kaaf iyo kale dheer marka loo eego dhinacyo badan laakiin dhul aad horay u tagin Ala yaab badan oo mucjisooyin ayaa ku geedaaman taas waxaa igu soo fool leh sanadkii cusubaa oo ay ka dhansan tahay in ka yar 24 labaatan sacadood oo kaliya dadka qaar waxay u heelan yihiin ama ay diyaar garaw xoogaan ugu jiraan soo dhawaynta sanadka cusub dadku kale war la’aa oo mid walba waxa uu sugayaa arimihiisa waa habeen taariikh leh oo naftayda ku weyn waa 30 decamber 2007 waa habeen Axda soo galayso oo ay taariikh gaar ah ku ladhan tahay waxaa ii soo dhawaatay goortii la iga rabay inaan xaadir ku ahaado madaarka jabouti waxaa sidii hirarka bada u sii kacaya shucuurtayda waxaan gaadhay madaarkii oo dad la ciir ciraya oo waxaa habeenkaas dhoofayay dad badan oo ay sii maca salaamaynayeen eheladooda iyo asxaabatooda dabadeed waxaan galay meesha lugu hubiyo pasboorada ka dib waan ka gudbay dhinaca hore ee madaarka waa madaar ay ka muuqato shaqo hore leh waxa uu lamid yahay sida madaarada qaarkood dabadeeto waxaan gaadhay qaybta taraansidka lugu talo galay waxaan ku sugaynay khadar yar oo ka hadhay xilkaga ay diyaaradu nala kacayso waxaa sii kordha shucuurtaydii marba marka ka dambaysa ……………….. .

Waxaan dabadeed horay u galay diyaarada dhexdeeda waxaan fadhiistay korsigii la igu tala galay waxay saacadu isdul taagtay 12:30kii cawaysnimo waxaa bilaamay guuxii diyaarada qadar yar dabadeed way nala haaday oo waxay ka shiraacaatay madaarka jabouti iyadoo ku fool leh dhinacaa iyo dalka faransiiska gaar ahaa caasimada paris diyaaradu waxooga ahaa markii ay nal sii socoto waxaan dareemay jawi ka duwan kii aan ku jiray wakhtigii aan ku sugnaa madaarka jabouti oo qabaw ………………. .

Iyadoo diyaaradu marba na tusayso dalka aanu marayno iyo hadab siday cimiladu tahay waxaan Aakhirkii gadhnay madaarka Digool airpot waxay nal cago dhigatay 6:30 subaxnimo waxaan dareemay cimilo ka daran tii aan horay u aqanay waa qabaw wata baraf waxaan u sii dhafay dhafay qaybta lugu talo galay taraasidka hase ahaatee waxaan u qushuucay quruxda ka muuqata madaarka paris waxaanu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu waaweyn caalamka dul iyo hoos waxa mar wadooyin hase yeeshee waxa uu la ciirciira oo sidii gadhiyaal oo kale u socda diyaaradu ka kale yimi dacalada aduunka…….

Horay ayaan u maqli jiray sheekooyinka qurbaha yaal magaalada paris waa magaalo caan ku ah dhirta oo aad iyo aad u qurux badan hase ahatee aad iyo aad ayay u qabaw dahay dabadeedto waxaan u soo dhaafay dhinacii aan u sii jeeday waxaan tagay goob lagu talo galay in laga raaco tareenka u baxa dalka Holand intii aan jogay meesha laga raaco tareenka u baxayay Holand waxaan aad ula yaabay oo indhahaygu qabanayeen dad wada yaacay waxaan waydiiyay wiil ila socday waar dadkan xagee u socdaan oo ay u ordayaan markaas ayuu igu jawaab celiyay waa dad shaqooyin u orday ……………

Abaaro 7:30 aroornimo ayuu tareenkii nola soo dhaqaayay dalka Holand intii aan dhexda ku jiray ee aa walina aan gaadhin dalka ku xiga faransiisk oo ah dalka Beljamka dhabada tareenka waxaa hareer socday dhir qurxoon iyo geedo baraf dilay laakin waxa la ii sheegay in dhawaan qurux badnaan doonaan oo ay dib u soo noolan doonana ka dib waxa aan u soo dhawaanay dalka Beljam oo ka dheerayn dalka faransiiska waxayaab igu dhaliyay intii aan safarka ku jiray xuduudaha u dhexeeya dalalka yurub oo aanad arki karin laakin aad war ka helayso marka aad gasho oo waxaan ognahay in dalalka africa aad dhib kale kulmi karto marka aad tagyso dal kale oo africa ah dalka Beljam waa dal yar oo aad u qurux badan oo walina waa xarunta midawga yurub waxaa indhahaygu qabanayeen dhul heer sare ah oo si fiican loo daryeelay waxaana loo baaahan yahay in aanu ka dayano waxa aan arkayay wabiyo kale qaybiyay magaalooyinka dalkaas dhinaca kale waxaan arkayay beero waaweyn oo aad loo habeeyay oo teetsan hareeraha wadooyinka ka dib waxaan u soo dhaaway dalka Nederlanda oo ah dal ku caan ah soo saarka caanaha inta badan sadexda dal ee aan soo maray waxay ka siman yihiin dhirta iyo wadooyinka waaweyn iyo daaraha dhaadheer laakin waxa indhahaagu qabanayaan waxyaabo yaab leh.

Wariye:-
Sakariye Carab Cadan(Suxufi)
Breda, Holland

Somalia: One Year after TPLF Invasion - Part IV

The second half of the year 2006 was a time when certain powers, nervous about the new political developments in Somalia aimed at national reconstitution and unity, were gearing up to squash these developments before they had a chance to take root. It is to be recalled that the Government of Eritrea, in the interest of the Somali people and regional stability, had repeatedly cautioned the international community not to take any measures that could have grave consequences on the peace and stability of Somalia.

The Eritrean government had also called for the international community's role to be limited to giving relevant encouragement to the Somalis while they settle their differences on their own. However, the ignoble concerns of world powers had no room for such constructive problem-solving methods.

While fully aware that the solution to the Somali problem could only come from internal political process, the US Administration decided to launch a military intervention by recruiting regional forces so as to disrupt the promising developments in that country, either because they did not come from the warlords making up the interim government or simply because the evelopments did not sit well with the Administration. Consequently, the TPLF regime was the primary agent selected for this endeavor.

Clinging to power by cheating the people's choice, the TPLF regime was desperate for any external distraction that would deflect the people's attention from their domestic affairs, and hence was more than ready to slip into the role assigned to it by Washington. The new developments in Somalia came as a blessing in disguise for the clique with the help of which it could not only find refuge from the Ethiopian people's question, but also prove its loyalty to its masters. Unfortunately for the TPLF, wars do not prolong life—they can only shorten it.

Selected for the role of mercenary due to the above reasons, the TPLF regime did not think twice about invading a sovereign neighboring nation under the pretext of protecting the unpopular interim government, which had by then been limited to Baidoa only. Shortly before the invasion, the clique's leader had declared that: “so long as the Somalis do not trespass over the Ethiopian border, we have no reason to interfere in that country. These new developments have not caused us any undue concern and, as long as they do not undermine our sovereignty, we will not undermine theirs.”

Yet, after receiving different instructions from their masters, this leader backed out on his word and was forced to admit that they “have sent not more than a few hundred soldiers into Somalia so that the interim government could protect itself.” After the necessary preparations were made for the invasion, the clique declared war on Somalia through its superfluous parliament. In a briefing he gave shortly after this declaration, the Prime Minister of the clique had boasted that the war will only take a week. However, the war in Somalia did not finish in a week.

It is in recent memory that the clique's leader had also told the said parliament that the Ethiopian troops will accomplish their mission and withdraw from Somalia in a matter of weeks.
Yet, the TPLF regime was unable to accomplish its objectives as the weeks turned into months and now into a full year. Just as the Eritrean government had predicted before hand, the situation in Somalia has become a second Iraq to the TPLF and its masters.

Now, after it has become clear to all that the war in Somalia has no end, the US Administration, sthe UN and the international community, as a whole, are being forced to admit that their approach towards the Somali issue was indeed wrong. They have even come to realize that the only solution to the problem is a political process that ensures the participation of all the forces in that country, just as the Eritrean government had stressed. As to the ever deceitful TPLF regime, it has been reduced to a level where it has lost any credibility as a government or a political force.

The fact that the regime was selected as an agent in the first place was because its significance, as a government, was minimal; because no self-respecting government that stands for the interest of its people could ever be willing to gamble with the lives of its own people in order to serve the interests of others.

Source: Biddho.com

Ancient Zeila: Case closed: the Adel empire was an indigenous civilization based in Somaliland - Suleiman Amin

Part I

Introduction:

The clock of time never stops. Our modern times are a continuation of an ancient times. our lives came from other lives that existed in the universe long time ago. Live never begins in a vacuum, one of the major tenants of the living theory or cell theory if you will is, all living things came from pre-existing cells. Which means our modern civilization and existence came from and connected to other people and civilizations that existed before us. Those who will come after us will continue the civilization the place where our existence stops. The cycle will continue and only Allah knows where it will stop. Those of us living today are connected to the people of Zeila, Balahaar, Harrar and Berbera. We did not exist in a vacuum.

The ancient Zeila did not happen in a no man's land. This history has passed from generation to generation. There are stories, culture, way of living, folklore, songs, cuisine, antiquities and other foot prints inherited from that glorious Zeila civilization. Ancient Zeila exists in the psyche and minds of the direct descendants of that civilization. These descendants live in Borama, modern Zeila, Baki, Dila, Lughaya, Hargeisa, Djibouti, Harrar, Berbera and many other places today.

I completely disagree with the latest writer about Zeila. His account is full of distortions, lies and other irregularities. Anytime, somebody has account about Zeila and ignore the significance involvement of the people of the area about the civilization and history of Zeila, Harrar and other historical sites, you will smell distortion. That person will be regarded as somebody attempting to find glory in a desert. You can not talk about the history of Zeila and ignore the people who founded that ancient empire. You can't ignore Gadabursi, Isaak, Issa and Afar who are the ancient inhabitants of the area.These four communities were pivotal to the civilization, glory and the successful wars waged by the empire in defense of Islam. These four communities were the back bone of Awdal civilization and glory of Adel. Of course Adel was a cosmopolitan empire and the ancient Zeila folklore will confirm that.

That means that other people of Somali decent played some role and especially in the defensive wars against Abyssinia. According to the Zeila folklore Arabs, Indians Persians, Turkeys and others were also living in Zeila.The Mahad Asse in particular and Gadabursi in general, the Haber Awal, Isse and Afar were the core architects of Adel civilization.

I would like to underline the fact which says, the Gadabursi has significant contribution to the Adel empire fame and civilization.

Adel's rapid rise, expansion and its growing power intimidated Abyssinian rulers. That fear, and expansionist policies of successive Abyssinian emperors triggered several hundred years of wars between Adel empire and Abyssinia. Versions of those wars are going on in this modern times. The treacherous Abyssinian treaties with the colonial powers to divide and occupy Muslim territories that are inhabited by ethnic Somalis, Oromo and Afar was a huge betrayal that has sowed the seeds of an eternal suspicion between the Abyssinia and its colonized non Abyssinian ethnic groups. The relationship between the latter and Abyssinia was the relationship between a colonizer and colonized.

Colonizing only Muslim territory is not by accident. This age old calculated Abyssinian policies destined to control all the land between Sudan, the Red sea and the Indian ocean. Haile Selassie has many times inadvertently articulated this mentality. This mentality is deeply ingrained in the minds of Abyssinian Ethiopians. If you talk with member of this community, they will regurgitate that philosophy that all the land of the Horn of Africa belongs to them. One may ask where this arrogant and imperialistic philosophy came from. It came from Amod Siyon, Haile Selassie, Mengistu and it is now coming from Zinewi. That philosophy of annexation, conquest expansion and hegemony and aggression was the corner stone and still is of all the rulers of Axum, Abyssinia and the modern Ethiopia.

The then Axum and Abyssinia (Al-Habasha) were at war with the Muslim Adel Empire and other of successive governments of Zeila before them. The Adel Empire was a very powerful Muslim empire leading the confederation of about 7 emirates including the kingdom of Zeila. The seven Emirates comprising the great Adel empire were Ifat/Adel/, Dawaro, Arabini, Hadaya, Sharqa, Balli and Daara. Adel was the the most dominant of the pack. Adel empire comprises all of Somaliland, all the way to Tajourah (modern Djibouti) in the west and Shewa (Addis Ababa region). Somaliland was the major heir to Adel's history and illustrious civilization. The historical foot prints of that empire buried in the old ruins of ancient Zeila, old Amoud, Darbiyada of Abasso, Bulhar, Berbera, Awboobe, Awbarre, Tujorah, Harrar and many other places. The Zeili folklore, the Surbiyaan and the Canbaabur cuisine. Above all the legendary Zeila folklore which comprises an amalgam of many foreign languages such as Turkish, Persian Arabic and Indian is a also a living artifact of that great civilization.

The afore-said evidence and other factors are living evidence that Adel empire is not something alien. This evidence shows that Adel civilization and history is not alien, but an indigenous civilization which is deeply enshrined in the Psyche of the people of Somaliland in general and the particularly those who trace their civilization to Zeila, Bulhaar, Adari, Berbera. The Mahad Asse in particular and the Gadabursi in general usually claim that they are they are the direct descendants and heir apparents of that civilization. While the Haber Awal claim they were the direct descendants of the ancient civilizations of Bulahaar and Berbera.

But evidence shows that Adel civilization was primarily indigenous. Zeila, Harrar, Bulahaar and Berbera were cosmopolitan centers where many people also live. There were Turkish, Indians, Persian, Jews, Arabs, Afar, Oromo and others living in Adel empire's major cities of Zeila, Harrar, Darbyade Abaase, Aw Boobe, Berbera, Bulhaar, Awbarre and old Amoud.

There is still a lot to be discovered about the rich history and civilization of Zeila, Bulahaar and Berbera. All these precious antiquities have been ignored and even attempted to be erased by colonial powers and Ethiopia, but the responsibilities of unearthing this precious history will squarely fall on the shoulders of the people of the area. The people who claim to be the heirs to that great civilization, must uncover the hidden secrets obscured from the world by the colonial powers and their prototype post independence governments.

Those emirates were led by Adel. This empire has been carrying the torch of Islam for nearly three hundred years. The empire especially its two major cities of Zeila, and Harrar were important centers of education, enlightenment, culture, trade, cuisine, folklore and poetry. The Islamic Adel empire have reached its zenith between 14th and the 16th century. The Abyssinian emperors were so aggressive and belligerent against Adel. Among the long chain of Abyssinian leaders who attacked Adel were yaqoba Siyon, Amda Siyon, Zara Siyon and others. All the afore-said waged attacks against Adel. But most of those attacks have been repulsed based on two things, the high motivation of masses of Adel empire.

The second thing was they were defending their dignity, independence, sovereignty, land and faith. These Muslim governments led by Adel were called in Masar and Shaam (Egypt and Syria) "Bilaadal Awdal" From the "14th century until ""1887", there were endless wars of attrition between Abyssinia and the Muslim empire of Adel and other Muslim states and Emirates that came before and after its decline.The "Adel empire" (Awdal) was the largest and the most powerful of the seven Muslim emirates. From 1526-1543 the "Adel Empire" led by the legendary warrior, states man and military commander, Imam Ahmed Bin Ibrahim (Ahmed Gurey), who once annexed all Ethiopia.

The scorched earth defensive military campaigns Imam Ahmed Alqazi-Gurey waged against Abyssinia, were a direct response to the age-old Ethiopian aggression against its neighbors, Therefore, the Muslim people of the area with the help of Ottoman empire organized themselves and founded the "Adal empire" and six other Muslim emirates in a vast land in the Horn of Africa. Adal Empire and the other Muslim Emirates before it were at war with Axum and Abyssinia for nearly 500 years. If Ethiopia continues with its current policies against its Muslim neighbors, the scorched earth wars between Ethiopia and the non Abyssinian communities of the Horn of Africa will come again. if you closely watch the Ethiopian excesses and human rights abuses in Mogadishu, the oppression and mistreatment of the people of western Somalia, the oppression and subjugation of the Oromo nation, the endless meddling into the internal affairs of Djibouti and Somaliland, arming all those who hate to see the well-being of the people of Somali decent, vivid memories of Amod Siyon, Menelik, Haile Selassie, Mengistu and the other Abyssinian tyrants will come to mind.

Short synopsis of history and background information

Axumite Empire was inhabited by Cushitic speaking people in Northern Ethiopia and Semitic speaking people in southern Arabia, who settled around the red sea around 500 BC. The Abyssinians say the Ark of the covenant was brought from Jerusalem to their ancient fortress of Ava by Menelik, the son of king Solomon and the Queen of Sheba , and later transferred to Axum. From the 4th century to the 12th century the Tigrayans dominated Axum empire.The Axumite empire once extended from most of the Horn of Africa, Yemen and all the way to Nubia. The Axumites among other things were famous with their magnificent architecture, entrepreneurial spirit and opulent orthodox Christian monasteries. Axum once dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.They traded with both Rome, Persia, and Byzantine empires, in ivory, gold, frankincense, Myrah, leather, hides, and other aromatics. They were famous in architectural wonders such as towering "obelisks" , beautiful palaces and huge Abyssinian Orthodox cathedrals especially in Gonder, Gojam and Tigray.

Following the decline of the Axumite empire, the dawn of the Solomonic kings dynasty started in Gonder in "1270" by an Amhara noble, called "Yekum Amlak", and continued until the ouster of Haile Selassie by Mengistu in 1974. The Solomonic kings were believed to be descended from king Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Original Abyssinia comprises of the three states of Gonder, Gojam and Tigre. The Amharas; the group who dominated both Ethiopia and Abyssinia for more than several hundred years were originally confined in the two states of Gonder and Gojam.The other major ethnic component of Abyssinia and Ethiopia are the Tigrayans, who were originally confined also in the state of Tigray only.
Menelik 11 of Shewa; with the help of the European powers especially France, Italy and great Britain invaded the ancient Muslim; walled city of Harrar in "1887".

The new government founded in Zeila eventually became an Islamic empire, which upholds and safe guards the rights and interests of all the Muslim people in the Horn of Africa. The new government took a huge strides for the spread of Islam teachings and culture. That is what made her-the Ifat Muslim state of Zeila in a direct collision course with an orthodox-Christian-based feudal empire of Abyssinia. The latter was a very small poor state based in the remote and Abyssinian highland of Gonder, Gojam and Tigrey. there was some many bitter wars that happened between the resurgent and maritime Awdal empire and the small, poor and highland of Abyssinian. To this day that tension between Abyssinian and the Muslim people of the Horn of Africa. The Muslim of the Horn of Africa who are many times larger than their Abyssinian counterparts, who are a small minority but still enjoy significant connections with the western empire

For over several hundred years the then of Axum and Abyssinia (Al-Habasha) were at war, with the Muslim Adel Empire and other of successive governments of Zeila before them. The Adel Empire was a very powerful Muslim empire leading the confederation of about 7 emirates including the kingdom of Zeila. The seven Emirates comprising the great Adel empire were Ifat/Adel/, Dawaro, Arabini, Hadaya, Sharqa, Balli and Daara. The most dominant Adel was mostly based in Somaliland and the latter are the major heir to the illustrious civilization. The historical foot prints of that empire buried in the old ruins of ancient Zeila, old Amoud, Darbiyada of Abasso, Bulhar, Berbera, Awboobe, Awbarre, Tujorah, Harrar and many other places. The Zeili folklore, the Surbiyaan and the Canbaabur cuisine. Above all the legendary Zeila folklore which comprises an amalgam of many foreign languages such as as Turkish, Persian Arabic and Indian is a also a living artifact of that great civilization. all these precious antiquities have been ignored and even attempted to be erased by colonial powers and Ethiopia, but the responsibilities of unearthing this precious will squarely fall on the shoulders of the people of the area. The people who claim the heirs to that great civilization must uncover the hidden secrets obscured from the world by the colonial powers and their prototype so called government that followed them in the so-called decolonization of 1960.

The once shinning empire in the East was founded in the 13th century. This empire was once in line with the Ottoman empire, the Persian empire and the other great empires of the past. The Egyptian who have a very good relation with them call it Bilaad Al-Zeila. The empire was first founded in the 13 th century by two preeminent personalities, one was bu the name of Amir Omar Walasna Dunyahur. The leader was said to be a descendant of Sh. Yususf Al Kawnin who was also called by Aw Barkhadleh. Apparently the empire was founded by a religious leader and it was based on religious grounds. But it does not mean Zeila is only 700 years old. Zeila before it became the empire sometime in the 13th century was always a self-governing emirate or government since 900 A.D. When the British navy spy Sir Richard Burton disguised as a Muslim Shaikh came to Zeila several hundred years after the end of the Adel empire, Zeila was still a self governing emirate, though it was nominally ruled by the Ottoman empire sultan based in Yemen.

The energy and the spirit of spreading of Islam to the Horn of Africa earned a huge name for Zeila, when some Muslim governments called it "Diraasat Al-Islaam (Islamic studies).

The Adel empire have fought so many wars with imperial Abyssinia and thousands of people on both sides of the con flick have perished. That was a very long struggle that spanned several hundred years. The empire was well-liked by the Muslim world. People were impressed with its great justice, sound governance, activist spirit for all the Muslims around the Horn of Africa and the way they spread around the fast land of the Horn of Africa.

It is the responsibility of the descendants of the ancient inhabitants of the area to uncover the historical facts, wealth of information, great knowledge ranging from Islamic studies and secular knowledge and other archaeological and anthropological antiques. It is our duty to push the United nations to declare Zeila, Bulahar and other areas historical sites which has to preserved by the international community. Harrar the twin city of Zeila was recently declared an area of historical significance by the United nations.

Historical distortions plagues the history of the ancient twin cities of Hararr and Zeila. The history of this very important place by the British and the French colonial powers who colonized the area. Others such as Arab states such as Egypt tried to bury any significant history or historical areas around the red sea.

They were always worried about a historical and strategically located city that may compete with the Egyptian pyramids and so many other ancient historical artifacts. meanwhile the people of the area also neglected to uncover the rich history of Zeila, and the other areas of historical significance.
The empire at its zenith extends southwest to the strategically located Shawa region where Addis Abba, the modern Ethiopian capital is located. Eastward to Ras Hafoon, North West to Eritrea.

Adel empire and the successive empires of Zeila were build and led by the indigenous people of the area notably, Gadabursi, Isse, Isaak and Afar. Other people of Somali decent also contributed to that illustrious civilization.

The ledendary Zeili Folkolore is a living example of the Zeila civilization. The Zeilites belong to all different tribes of the area, but they have a distinct culture and civilization. The way they talk, cook, sing, their huge civil engagement, the spirit of volunteerism, entrepreneurship and how they conduct their marriage ceremonies is unique and different from their other brethren of the area. This means though neglected, the Adel civilization is not not dead but alive and kicking. Therefore, Lets all work together to revive our civilization. To sum it up Adel civilization belongs to the indigenous people of the area in particular and all Somaliland in general. Case closed.

Suleiman Egeh is a freelance writer and a senior science instructor
soleimoneg@yahoo.com

Ramadan iyo Qurbo jooga - Dhinaca Shaqada iyo Cuntada:

Saylicipress
14 September 2007
Dadka qurbaha jooga ayaa dhibaato ka haysataa sidii ay u noolaan lahaayeen nolol ku salaysan diinta iyo dhaqankoodii dalka hooyo oo ay uga fogaan lahaayeen wixii shiki galinaya inay ku dhacaan xaaraan ama wax ilaahay uusan raali ka ahayn. haddaba waxa ugu badan ee khilaafka ka bilowdaa shaqada ay hayaan dadku ama sida ay u nool yihiin; cuntada halkii ay ka iibsan lahaayeen ama wixii ay iibsan lahayeen; dakhli sidii uu usoo gali lahaa dadka aan shaqaysan karayn ama waayeelka.

Shaqada iyo Ramadanta: (North America)
70 % shaqada wadida gaadiidka (Taxi, Buses etc)
15 % warshado, nadaafad, ama cusbitaalo
10 % shaqo sare (Professional) Cusbitaalo, Banks, (Teaching), macalinimo ama baayacmushtar gaar ah.

Dadka Yurub jooga oo aan ahayn U.K, Holland, Germany, Norway iyo Switzerland dadku waxay u badan yihiin dad aan shaqo hayn - weliba wadamada Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, iyo France; Warshado joogto ah, Taxi, ama Kaalmaha shidaalka xitaa dadku ma heli karaan inay ka shaqeeyaan marka ay Europe joogaan. waxa ugu badan ee lagu nool yahay waa Caydh ama lacagta kaalmada ah.Dadka qurbaha (North America) joogaa weliba ragu inta badan waxay ka shaqeeyaan "Taxi" in ka badan 70% - ragu waxa ay wadaan gadiidka dad waynaha oo uu "Taxi-sigu" kow ka yahay;

haddaba Taxi-siga ayaa waxa soo raaca dad wadamadan u dhashay oo intooda badan u socda xaflado ama shaqo; wakhtiyada habeenkii oo dadka soomaalida ahi u badan yihiin inay shaqeeyaan waxa Tagaasida raaca dad ku socda xaflado oo cabitaanada diinta islaamka ka xaraan ah sita ama doonanaya; dad dhoofaya ama dad cusbitaalo ku socda. magaalooyinka qaar sida magaalada ay soomaalidu ugu badan tahay ee ay shaqada ka qabtaan Taxi-ga waa Chigaco wakhtigan la joogo. dadka ayaa doorasho leh inay qaadaan ama ka shaqeeyaan dhinaca ay rabaan ee magaalada iyadoo uu jiro suuq ku filan shaqalaha oo dhan.Hadaba inaga oo aan halkan kusoo koobi karayn sida noloshoodu u qaybtanto oo dhan hadana waxaan qaadanaynaa Ramadanta iyo gadiidka - Taxi - drivers, Buses- ka iyo Warshadaha iyo wixii soo raaca:waxa inta badan la qaada dad khamri sita ama cabsan ama u socda inay soo cabaan; diinta Islamku maxay ka qabtaa? sida uu noo sheegay sheekh degan gobolka Ontario oo dhawaan yimid magaalada Edmonton, Alberta;

hadii aan ka fogaan kartaan meelaha ay macsidu ka dhacayso ka fogaada lacagta idinka soo gasha qofka kahmriga sita gooni iskaga dhiga oo haku darina lacagtiina. guud ahaan diinta Islamku mar walba ama Ramadan ha noqoto ama ayeysan noqonine in la sameeyo wax diinta ka hor imanaya waa mamnuuc. dadka qaar waxay aaminsan yihiin imaanshaha dalalkan qurbaha ayaa guud ahaanba xaaran ah; waayo shaqada ka sokow dadka waxa uu dhib ka haystaa cuntadii ay cuni lahaayeen sida hilibka ama digaaga; qaar baa aaminsan inaysan banaanayn in aan la cunin hilibka lagu iibiyo tukaanada waawayn ee dalalkan shisheeya qaarna waxay aaminsan yihiin inay "Ehlu Kitaab" yihiin oo ay banaan tahay in la cuno. culimada lafteeda ayaa isku khilaafsan arintan. dadka ayaase loo dayn wixii sax ah inay go'aamiyaan ama ha raacaan waxa saxda ah ee ay diintu arintan ka qabto iyagoo baadhitaan samaynaya, media-yuhu inuuisku dayo inuu wax badan ka ogaado waa lagama maarmaan.warshadaha, ama nadaafada lafteeda ayaa iyaguna dadku isku khilaafsan yihiin waayo warshada ama meelaha la nadiifinyo ayaa qaybo badan leh. oo waa la gaban karaa wadanka dhan oo leh xafiisyo aad u badan oo kala duwan waxkastana lagag shaqeeyo ilaa warshado kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan xitaa kuwa doofaarka qala. shaqooyinka qaar ayaa dadku wareegaan oo kolba meel lagu qoraa sida ilaaliyayaasha - Waardiye (Security).

dhinaca Bangiyada ayaa iyaguna ah kuwo ribo faraban ku shaqeeyaa arintaasiina ay niyad jab ku hayso dadka kuwa shaqada ay jecel yihiin qaban lahaa.dadyowga ay shabakada Saylicipress waraysatay ayaa qaarkood aaminsan yihiin haddii shaqooyinka aan wadamadan ka qabano aan wadankeena ka qabanayno in aan horumar balaadhan gaadhi alahayn; xaalku wuxuu marayaa "Waa Xamaalkii Markuu Xamar Tago Xaajiga Ahaa!" oo ay ku heesi jireen dadkii ugu horeeyey ee usoo dhoofa qurbe weliba kuwii wadamada carabta tegay. dadka qaar ayaa aaminsan hadii aan ogaan lahaa dhibka meeshan ka jira dalkeenii hooyo kamaan imaadeen. hadana sidaas ay tahay hadii dalkii hooyo loo geeyo diyaarad wayn ama looga dhiso cimaarad (Sar) magaalada Shangahai dhamaan umada Afka Soomaliga ku hadashaa umay kala hadheen. taasina waata keentay in dalkii hooyo uusan lahayn wax horumar ah oo la taaban karo ama dawlad umadeeda u dhego nugul ama hogaamiye dadkiisa ay isku dhinac u jeedaan.dadka aan shaqayn karayn ama hooyooyinka kalidood nool ayaa ku khasban inay qaataan lacag dawladu ku caawiso si ay ugu noolaan karaan nolol ku dhow ta dadka shaqaysta; lacagtaasina culumada qaar waxay ku tilmaamaan in qofkii jilicsan uu ilaahay arko qofkii ka maarmana uu qabto shaqo uu kuu ku noolaado oo diinta ka hor imanayn. waa mawduuc balaadhan oo aan immika halkan lagu soo koobi karayn; waana dhibaatooyinka laga dhaxlay dalalka shisheeye ee aan diin iyo dhaqan ahaan aad u kala duwanahay laakiinse nasoo dhaweeyey oo ayna marnaba suurtoobayn iy dhulka aad ku nooshahay la qaato ama la'iska kaa xidhi inta bolis kabo wayni kugu soo garaaco guriga. arinta ugu wayn ee dalalkan lagu jooga ayaa ah nabada iyo cadaalada ay umadooda ku dhaqayaan. cabsi kaama hayso in boolisku iska kaa joojiyo oo uu kuu awood sheegto, laaluush cad cidi ma kala qaadato. qololo shaqo la'iskuma geeyo aqoontaadu waa meesha ay ku dhigto.

Mishaaro: (Salary - Income)

Dhakhtarka buuxaa dalkan ee dawlada u shaqeeyaa wuxuu qaataa lacag dhan 200, 000 dollar sanadkii oo ay usoo hadho laag dhan 12000 dollar bishii anagoo ka tusaale qaadaynayna 10 dhakhtar oo dalka South Africa uu gobolka Alberta dhawaan ka keensaday - waxana lacagtaa u dheer guri ama caawimaad kale oo kasoo gala shaqo gaar ah oo ay sameeyaan; qofka "Nurse" ahi wuxuu qaataa lacag dhan $35 saacadii oo qiyaas ahaan noqon karta $7000 oo lacagta Marayalanka ah; warshadaha, bangiyada, macalimiinta, ama wixii la hal maala ee "labour" ah waxa laga qaataa saacadii $ 8 ilaa ugu badnaan $ 25; qofku inta badan wuxuu shaqeeyaa 5 maalmood oo min 8 sacaadood ah; markaa qiyaas ahaan lacag dhan meelaha $ 2000 ayaa bishii soo gasha; dhina Taxi-ga qofku wuxuu sameeyaa maalintii qiyaas ahaan lacag ku dhow $ 150 oo saafi ah (net) marka kharash oo dhan laga saaro suda Gas, Cunto, iyo kirada baabuurka; markaa qiyaas ahaan waxa soo gasha $ 4000 bishii oo ay dadku inta badan shaqeeyaan 7 maalmood. dadka caydha ku nool ugu badnaan waxa soo gasha lacag aan ka badnayn $100 ilaa $ 200 oo lacagta maraykanka ah oo cunto ahaan loo siiyo; kirada guryahana waa laga bixiyaa.culumada qaar ayaa arinta guud ahaan dhinac walba kusoo gabo gabeeyey in qof walbaa ka baqo ilaahay inta uu karayo wixii xaaraan cad ahna uu ka fogaado.

ilaahayna dhamaan ha'ina siiyo khayrka bisha barakaysan ee Ramadan.

Saylicipress Reporter
Edmonton, Canada
admin@saylicipress.net

Ka Bago Taariikhda Awdal - Suleiman Elmi - Norway

Qarnigii 9aad ilaa kii 11aad MD, kooxo Xabashi ah ayaa ka soodhaqaaqayay Tigray oo soo gaarayay degmooyinka bariga Agaw ee Lastaiyo Waj, iyo Angot oo ahayd bartamaha galbeed ee dhulka Cafarta. Isla Qarnigii - 11aad ilaa bilowga qarnigii 12aad, kooxdaasi waxay soo gaartay dhulkawabiga Bashiilo oo ah WG ee Wallo1. Dhulkan oo markaa laga bilaabonoqday Beyt Amxaara, wuxuu qayb ka ahaa Agaw, wuxuuse ku dhawaameelaha ay iskaga yimaadaan dhulalka Agaw, Soomaali iyo Cafar.

Shantiiqarni ee ku xigay, Beyt Amxaara waxay ahayd saldhigga laga soo maamulomid ka mid ah dagaalladii ugu dheeraa adduunka oo dhex marayay Xabashaoo ay Amxaara hogaaminayso iyo Soomaali oo ay hogaaninayeensaldanadihii kala danbeeyay ee Shawa, Awfaat iyo Awdal.Koox Agaw ah oo nasaarowday ayaa abbaaraha 1137 la wareegtay xukunkaXabashida ilaa Amxaaradu ka qaadday 1275kii. Markaasoo dagaalka dhabtaahi ka dhex bilowday Soomaali iyo Xabashi. Dagaalku wuxuu ku saabsanaadal iyo diin, markaa haybta labada dhinac waxay kala ahayd muslim iyonasaaro.

SH AWA-AWFAAT-AWDAL:

Halgan iyo Dhiigbax:Dagaalkii ugu horreeyay oo dhexmara Soomaali iyo Xabashi, inta laogsoonyahay, wuxuu dhacay 1128 MD. Qabiilka Warjeex oo la filayo inuuwaqooyi ugu xigay qabaa'ilka Soomaalida ahaa ee aagaas degenaa, ayaaAmxaaradu soo weerartay, Sida lagu xusay taarikhda saldanaddii Shawa.Warjeex oo degenaa aagga Manze ee W/Shawa, waxay jabiyeen duullaankiiAmxaarada2. Sida qoraallo danbe caddeeyeen Warjeex waqooyiga waxaa kuweheliyay labada qabiil ee Gabal iyo Wargur/Wargaar, oo aan u haysannoin ayaguna soomaali ahaayeen.Degmooyinkooda waxaa ka mid ahaa: Maracaddey, Garbacaddo, Caluula,Agabo, Seega, Guraale, Dubaar, Maxfuud, Cabdille, Cabdi rasuul iwm.Saldanadda Shawa oo ay hogaaminayeen reer makhzuum, waxaa la asaasay896. Xarunteedu waxay ahayd Walaalaha/Walalah oo 50 mayl WB ka xigtayAddis Ababada maanta3.

Dagaal sokeeye ayaa 1234 ka dhex bilooday xukumayaashii saldanadda.Cumar Wali-asmac oo asagu Jabarti ahaa, ayaa 1277 soo fara galiyaykhilaafkaas. Xaruntiisu waxay ahayd Awfaat, oo sida Ibn Saciid(1214-74) sheegay, ahayd magaalo horumarsan, kuna aaddanayd aaggamaanta ay dhacaan magaalooyinka Hawaash iyo Haadaamo (Nazareth). Cumaroo ahaa nin awood badan wuxuu xukunka qabtay qarniga bilowgiisa. Islawaqtigaas ayaa Ibn Saciid aagaas ku meeleeyay dadka Karla oo looqaatay Xarla Koombe4.jabarti wuxuu ahaa magaca waqtigaas loogu yeeri jiray jilibkaWali-asmac iyo Daaroodka, oo sheekooyinka la xiriira asalkooduna iskumid yihiin; marmarka qaarkoodna mandiqadda laftigeeda ayaa loogu yeerijiray, sida rag Al-Maqriizi ka mid yaha qoreen5. Mar danbe muslimiintaXabashiyoobay, oo ayagu ka kooban kooxo aan isku asal ahayn, ayaamagacaas u qaatay ka ahaan hayb islaami ah.

Fara galintaas ka bacdi Dul-Marax oo xukunka Shawa hayay, qabayna ina Cumar Waali asmac, ayaa la sheegay inuu xiriir la yeeshay boqorkaXabasha. Waxaa markaa lagu eedeeyay khayaana waddan. Mar danbe ayaalagu qabtay goob dagaal, waana la dilay. Aakhirkii Cumar iyo wiilkiisa Cali waxay 1285 ka takhalluseen oo laayeen amiirradii reer Makhzuum ee xukunka isku haystay. Dhammaadkii qarniga waxaa muuqata Xabashidu inayku soo fidday aagga wabiga Walaqa oo ahaa xadka WG ee soomaalidiiwaqtigaas. Sheekh abuu Cabdalla Moxammed oo hogaaminayay beelahabariga Niilka buluuga ah, WG ee Shawa, ayaa 1299 isku dayay inuuhogaamiyo jihaad lagaga hortago fiditaanka Amxaara.

Ha yeeshee sida uusheegay Mufaddal, waxaa qorshahaas kala daadiyay rag ka mid ahciidanka sheekha oo xiriir la yeeshay boqorka Amxaara7.Xilligii suldaan Xaqqud-Diin, oo ahaa durriyaddii Cumar, 1320 aadkii,Awfaat iyo Amxaara waxaa ka dhex qarxay dagaallo culus. Xilligiisuldaan Sabrud-Diin oo walaalkii ahaa,1332, waxaa dhacay dagaalkii uguweynaa. Sabrud-Diin wuxuu doonayay dagaal kama danbeys ah inuu kuqaado nasaarada (Xabashi). Dagaalkaas oo socday 8 bilood aakhirkiiwaxaa lagu jabiyay muslimiinta ( Soomaali). Nasaarada oo uuhogaaminayay Camda Siyoon, waxay qabsadeen W/Shawa. C/Siyoon,Jamaalud-Diin ayuu ka caawiyay la wareegidda jagadii walaalki, si uuula heshiiyo. J/Diin markii hore taa waa aqbalay. Laakiin aakhirkiiwaa ku gacma sayray ujeedada C/Siyoon.

Nasrud-Diin oo walaalkood ahaaayuu haddana caleema saartay. Laakiin dadku waxay aaminsanaayeenmadaxtinnimada Cali Sabrud-Diin8.Alcumari 1340aadkii wuxuu tiriyay saldanadaha la dagaallamayayXabashida: Awfaat oo ay degmooyikeeda ka mid ahaayeen Saylac iyoAwfaat, ayaa ugu weyneyd; Dawaro ayaa KG ka xigtay; Baali ayaa Koofurka sii xigtay; Daara, Sharkha iyo Arabiini waxay ahaayeen saldanadoyaryar oo ah G/ Dawaro ama K /Shawa; Hadiya oo ahayd G/Baali ayaagalbeed ugu xigtay. Saldanadahaani inkastoo ay qaybsanaayeen, haddanaAwfaat/Awdal ayaa lahaa hogaaminta guud9. (Qoraallada taariikhiga ahiwaxay tusayaan in Soomaaliyadii waqtigaas - Barbariya - islaamku kufaafay 750-1200 kii)10.

Dadka iyo degmooyinka faraha badan oo dagaalkaas ka qaybgalay la yaqaan waxaa ka mid ahaa: Xarla, Geri, Weyteen, Awdal, Saylac, Harar, Adari, Nogob, Dawaro iwm. Waxaa kaloo ka mid ahaa kuwabadan oo aan maanta la aqoon, laakiin ay caddahay inay soomaaliahaayeen, sida: Moora, Gabal, Warjeex, Wargur, Hagar, Hargaya, Gaatur, Shawa, Gadaya-geri/ guray, iwm. Sida ay muujinayaan 10naan caddaymoodoo ah qoraalladii xilligaas, qabiilooyinkani waxay ahaayeen Soomaali(facyaashii Tiirri-Dir-Jabarti) , inkastoo wax u qorayaasha GeeskaAfrika ay arrintaas, kas ama kamma u agmareen.Soddonkii sano ee ku xigay muslimiintu waxay ku jireen xaalad murugoleh oo kala qaybsanaan ah, sida uu ka cabbiray Al-Cumari, oo ayQaahira ugu warrameen culamo reer Saylac ahi. Xabashidu waxay kuguulaysatay inay xiriir la samaysato rag doonayay inay xukunkaboobaan. Waxayna qabsadeen Shawa, G/Baali iyo Hadiya. Amiirradu waxayu qaybsameen qaar la macaamilaya Xabashida iyo qaar doonaya in dagaallagaga soo dhacsado dhulka ay qabsatay.

Qof kasta oo doonaya inuuxukunka boobo wuxuu u tagi jiray boqorka Amxaarada. Taasi dagaalsokeeye ayay Awfaat u horseedday bilowgii 1360aadkii. Xilliganwaddaniyiinta waxaa hogaanka u qabtay Xaqqud-Diin iyo Sacduddiin.Labadaa wiil waxaa lagu colaadin jiray aabahood Axmed Cali Sabruddiinoo xiriir dhow la lahaa boqorka Xabashida. Xaqquddiin II ayaa xukunkakala wareegay awoowgii Cali iyo adeerkii Malasfax 1363 kii. Xaruntiisawuxuu u raray Wagal oo u muuqata B/Awfaat. Awfaat oo noqotay soohdin,dib uma samaya qaadin. Intaanu ku shahiidin goob dagaal 1373,Xaqquddiin, oo ahaa geesi laga heybeysto, wuxuu Xabasha ku qaaday inka badan 20 duullaan.Soddonkii sano ee ku xigay xukunka waxaa hayay Sacduddiin. Wuxuunaxabashida ku qaaday dagaaallo aan kala joogsi lahayn oo lagadareensanaa Yurub iyo dunida islaamka. Abaanduulayaashiisa waxaa kamid ahaa Asad, Moxamed12 iyo imaam Cali Saciid oo ka mid ahaaawoowayaashii Gadabuursi13.

Aakhirkii nasaaradu si weyn ayay isu sooabaabuleen. Si weynna waxay 1403 u jabiyeen muslimiinta. Sacduddiinwaxay dileen asagoo qoslaya oo ashahaadanaya. Maqriizi wuxuu xusay qofama kuwo khaa'in ahi inay xabashida tuseen suldaanka.Afar ka mid ah wiilashiisa, Sabruddiin II, Mansuur, Jamaaluddiin II,iyo Axmed-Badlay, ayaa xukunka iska baddalay. Kulligood dagaallo aanhoray loo arag ayay ku qaadeen nasaarada. Mararka qaarkood waxaygaarayeen Beyt Amxaara. Nagaash Yisxaaq, wuxuu marma soo rogaalcelinayay weerarro arxan darra ah. Sannadahaas ayay ahaayeen marka uusheeay inuu jabiyay Soomaali14. Taasi waxay u muuqataa 1425, markaasoouu suldaan Mansuur iyo walaalkii Moxammed ku qabsaday goob dagaal.Yisxaaq laftigiisa 5 sano ka bacdi ayaa la dilay.

Wuxuu ugu danbeeyay3 nagaash oo lagu dilay goob dagaal xilligii reer S/Diin. J/diin, ooahaa nin cadaaladda ku dheer, maxaabiistii uu xabasha ka qabtayna aybuuxiyeen dalalka islaamka, ilma adeertii ayaa ka maseyray oo dilay1432. Badlay oo baddalay, asagoo olole ugu jira inuu burburiyoXabasha, ayaa 1445 lagu dilay goobtii Cayn faras ee G/Dawaro15.Xilligii Khayruddiin Badlay, 1445-72; Shamsuddiin, 1472-88, iyoMoxammed Abuu Bakar,1488-1518, dagaalku waa sii socday, inkastoo looheysto inay ka qaboobaayeen raggii ayaga ka horeeyay. Laakiin 1471hogaaminta ciidammada waxaa la wareegay abaanduulayaal madax bannaanoo isbaddal doon ah. Waxaa ugu magac dheeraa garaad Maxfuud(1491-1517), oo 26 sano Xabasha ku qaadayay dagaallo aan hora looarag. Xilligiisii labo nagaash ayaa lagu dilay goob dagaal. Garaadkanawaxaa lagu dilay July 1517 goobtii Dalmiida ee G/Dawaro16.

ISBADDAL IYO HOGAAMIN CUSUB:

Geeridii Maxfuud waxaa ka dhashay dagaal sokeeye. Suldaan Moxammed oolagu eedeeyay inuu ka soo cararay goobtii lagu dilay abaanduulihiisa,1 sano ka bacdi ayaa la dilay. Labadii sano ee ku xigay 5 nin ayaaiska takhallusay. Intaan la dilin 1525, garaad Abuun oo ka tirsanaaisbaddal doonka ayaa dadka cadaalad ku xukumayay. Shacabka badankiisuwuxuu taageersanaa xukunkii taqliidiga ahaa ee reer Wali Asmac, oohadda gaabis noqday. Axmed Ibraahim Al-ghaazi oo 19 jir ah ayaa lawareegay hogaaminta Isbaddal doonka. Abuu Bakar Moxammed oo dib loogudhiibay xukunkii qoyskooda ayuu la galay dagaal sokeeye kanatakhallusay 1526 kii.

Inkastoo marar badan muslimiintu ku guulaysanayeen halgankooda,haddana ciidan joogta ah ma dhigi jirin meelaha ay xoreeyaan. Taasiwaxay wiiqday dhammaystirka guushooda. Ciidan joogta ah ayay nasaaradudhigi jireen, inkastoo aanay magaalooyin samayn jirin. Xaruntooduwaxay ahayd saldhig wareegaysta oo loo raro hadba halka dagaal kasocdo. Muslimiinta waxaa lagu soo weerarayay xarumo joogta ah oo reermagaal ama beeralay ah. Ciidanka xoola dhaqatada ka imaanayayna,goobta ka bacdi way kala tagi jireen. Arrimahaan ayaa hortaagnaa inSoomaalidu si joogta ah u jabiyaan nasaarada ama soo dhacsadaandhulkoodii lumay.Axmed oo 1526 kiiba bilaabay ka hortagga xabashidu, wuxuu rabay inuubaddalo qaabkaas. Hal is difaac iyo shan duullaan oo guul leh kabacdi, 1529 ciidamada imaamku waxay dhabarka ka jabiyeen quwaddiXabasha, goobtii Shimbira kore ee gobalka Fatagaar, K/Addis Ababadamaanta. Ciidammada imaamka oo ahaa 13000 oo nin, waxaa laga dilay 5000oo nin.

Kuwa nasaaradu 10 jeer ayay ka badnaayeen. Goobtan taariikhigaah waxaa ka qayb galay: Xarla, Geri, Harti, Jiraan (afarta ilmakoombe), Yabarre, Marreexaan, Habarmagade, Bursuub, Mazarre[Madigaan?]; Xarla waxaa hogaaminayay garaadkooda Moxammed, intakalana waxaa hogaaminayay Cusmaan Mataan Khaalid oo ahaa garaadkaGeri. Waxaa kaloo ka mid ahaa: Malasay oo ay hogaaminayeen: AbsameNuur, garaad Kaamil, garaad Shamcuun iyo Cabdullaahi Suuxe; Shawa iyoHargaya oo ay hogaaminayeen: garaad Daawuud, Sheekh Samaale, iyogaraad Cali Fangale; iyo Gadaya-Geri/ Guray oo ay hogaaminayeen:Cusmaan Sheekh iyo Axmed Shihaabuddiin. Sannadkii ku xigay dagaalkawaxaa ku soo biiray: Gurgure, Bartire, Hawiye iyo Gaatur.

Ujeedada imaamku waxay ahayd soo celinta goballadii la qabsaday eeShawa, Awfaat, Dawaro, Baali Hadiya iyo Fatagaar, iyo guud ahaanburburinta Xabasha. 7 duullaan iyo 3 olole oo waaweyn ka bacdi, 1535ayuu dhammaystiray ujeedadaas. Xadka dawladdisu wuxuu gaaraymuslimiinta Beja ee xeebta Eritreeya. Dagaal bilowday 1541, ayaamadafiicda Boortaqiisku ku jabisay ciidankii imaamka Feb. 1543 goobtiiWoyna Dega ee harada Taana, asagana lagu dilay.Sida la isku dayay inaan u fahamno Harar ma ahayn xadka Soomaaliya eewaxay ahayd xuddunta Soomaaliyadii waqtigaa.

Matalan Harti,Marreexaan, iyo Hawiye oo ay ugu suurta galsantahay inay ka soogurmadeen gobollo kale, arrintoodu sidaa ma ahayn. Carab-faqiih wuxuucaddaynayaa inay degenaayeen agagaarka Harar, halkaasoo ay walidegenyihiin. Qabiilooyinka kalana waxay degenaayeen isla aagaas iyo kasii galbeed17.Isla ayaamaha aabayaashii Xarla iyo Wali-asmac Jabarti ay galbeedka uhogaaminayeen jilibbada Daaroodka si ay ugu biiraan Soomaalidii halkaahoray u degenayd, ayaa qoysaska bariguna xiriir la yeesheen kuwagalbeedka. Matalan arrimo dhawr ah ayaa muujinaya in Udba lacag oo kubeegnayd Q10aad ama kii 11aad, dadkeedu ahaayeen kuwii degenaa gobalkaHarar-Hawaash.Ma muuqato in Cafartu qayb ka ahaayeen saldanadihii Awfaat/Awdal iyohalgankoodii. Alvares waxuu caddeeyay in Awdal, oo xadkeedu fidsanaamin Raascasayr ilaa Fatagaar, iyo Dankali ay laba dawladood kalaahaayeen18.

Cafarta oo ay horyaal u ahaayeen Dooba iyo Cawsa, waxayXabashida kula jireen halgan ka madax bannaan kan Soomaalida, inkastooay dhici karto in kooxo Cafar ahi mararka qaarkood ku soo biirayeenSoomaalida. Dadka kaliya ee ay caddahay inay qayb ka ahaayeen halgankaSoomaalida, waxay ahaayeen kooxaha Hawaashiga ah ee Adari, iyo dabcanArgobba, kuwaasoo waligood Soomaali ku tirsanaa. G/Shawa, G/Fatagaariyo Hadiya badankeeda, waxaa degenaa Kuushiyiinta galbeed oo waqtigaasloo yiqiin Daamuut. G-ka iyo KG ee Fatagaar, waxaa ayaguna degenaakooxaha Hawaashiga ah ee Guraage iyo Gafaat. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ahdadyowgan ayaa islaamay, oo xiriirka Soomaalidu saameeyay.

IMAAMKA KA BACDI:

Geeridii imaamka ka bacdi jaah wareer ayaa ku dhacay muslimiinta.Xabasha oo soo rogaal celisay iyo Oromo koofurta ka timi ayaa weerarroculus ku hayay. Amiir Nuur Mujaahid ayaa 1551 la doortay. Soomaalidudagaal ay gaareen W/Shawa 1559, waxay si weyn u jabiyeen Xabashidaayadoo halkaa lagu dilay Galawdewos. Asagoo raba mar kale inuuburburiyo Xabasha, ayuu amiir Nuur ka war helay Harar inay khatar ugujirto inay u dhacdo Oromada. Oromadu soohdin kale ayay ku noqdeenmuslimiinta.

Markaa amiirka, oo ay caawinayeen Aw Abaadir iyo Aw Cali,ayaa Oromada deyr kaga meeriyay Harar, intaanu 1567 u dhiman cudurummadda baabi'iyay.Markaa wixii ka danbeeyay Awdal waxay gashay xaalad murugo leh.Khilaaf iyo dagaal sokeeye ayaa soo food saaray. Ilaa 15 hogaamiyeayaa 1567-1590 xukunka isku baddalay. Xabashida ayay wali iska siidifaacayeen. Oramada ayaa dagaallo xun ku haysay, kuwaasoo Hararbaabi'iyay 1570aadkii. Sidaasoo ay tahay Soomaalidu 1577 waxay dib uqabsadaan ilaa Hadiya iyo W/Shawa. Ha yeeshee amiir moxamedkiiwaqtigaas, abaanduulayaashiisi i iyo 3 wiil oo ilma amiir Nuur ah ayaaHadiya lagu jabiyay oo lagu laayay. Oramadu 1583 waxay dileen amiirkiiwaqtigaas Moxammed Ibraahim Ghaazi. Isla 1570aadkii ayaa Cafartu sooweerartay W/Awdal iyo khadadka ganacsiga. Awoodda xeebta waqooyi waxaala wareegay maamulkii Turkiga19.

Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu duqeyn joogta ahku hayay qarniga oo dhan xeebaha Soomaaliya iyo kuwa muslimiinta ee laxiriira, marka laga reebo Xamar oo uu ka cabsaday.Dagaalkii muddada 3 qarni ah ka dhex socday Soomaalida iyo Xabashiduwuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu dheeraa uguna dhig daadashadabadnaa ee adduunka. Ugu yaraan 6 ka mid ah nagaashyadii Xabashida iyo7 ka mid ah suldaammadii Soomalida ee xukunka qabtay 1360-1570 ayaagoob dagaal lagu dilay. Inkastoo Harar sii ahayd xurun dhaqan, haddanasaldanaddii Awdal-Al-Umaraa' a ka dib ilaa 8 qarni, waxay noqotay midbaaba'day.Waxay u muuqataa saldanidihii Ajuuraan iyo Majeerteeniya inay ka soofufeen danbaskii Awdal. Ajuuraan oo saldanad xoog badan ku lahaaberriga Banaadir Q15aad-17aad, waxaa la inoo sheegay inay asal ahaanka yimaadeen Hawd galbeed20. Alvares iyo Galawdewos, Q16aad waxay inoosheegeen in gobalka Raascasayr uu ka jiray maamul maxalli ah oo kuxiran Awdal21.

Ilaa Q13aad Xamar waxay ahayd dawlad abaabulan.Xabashidu suldaan Badlay waxay ku eedeeyeen inuu taageero ka helayXamar.Oromada oo duullaankoodu ahaa mid dabiici ah oo ka madax bannaanaydolojiyad iyo siyaasad, waxay kala dhexgaleen Soomaalidii iyoXabashidii is dilayay, waxayna qabsadeen gobolladii Soomaaliyeed ooXabashidu horay u jilcisay. Aakhirkii Q18aad, waxay bilaabeen inayislaamaan. Ka hor 1537kii Oromadu waxay ahaayeen qabiil kooban oodhalasha ahaan aan ka fogayn Soomaalida, kuna nabnaa G/Baali. Laakin1550-1800 waxay qabsadeen: min Maliindi ilaa koofurta Tigray, K-W; iyomin Harar ilaa Banii Shanguul, B-G. Dadyowgii Soomaalida, Cafarta,Kuushiyiinta galbeed iwm, ee degenaa dhulalka ay qabsadeen, wayoromeeyeen; in Oromadu mar degenayd bariga Geeska Afrika, waxay ahaydbeen fakatay, oo hadda la saxay22.

Jabkii soohdinta koofureed:

Fahamka jabka Q16aad ma dhammaystirna, haddaynaan xusin waxyaalihii kadhacay koofurta fog (gobalka Omo-Taana) ee Soomaaliyadii waqtigaas.Bartamihii Q16aad ayaa Oromadu bilawday weerarkoodii gobalkaOmo-Taana-Ganaane. Weerarkoodii Koofurta waxay muddadaas jab iyo kalafirir u geysteen Soomaalidii iyo Baantuuga oo ayagu ilaa 800 kiitartiib ula soo degayay Soomaalida xeebta waqooyiga Mombaasa. Dhowrmagaalo oo Buurgaabo iyo Geedi ka mid ahaayeen ayaa baaba'ay. Jabka kudhacay gabolka koofureed, waxaa astaan looga dhigaa: Madanle iyoMaracato iwm oo aan lahayn meelay ku danbeeyeen; Segeju oo u qaxaydhinaca Tanga W/Tanzaaniya; Katwa oo ah ilaa 8 qabiil oo ku biirayBaajuunta; Bayso oo ku go'doomay aagga Hadiya; Gabra oo oromowday;Garre iyo Rendille oo ay ku dhacday kala firir weyn; kooxoSoomaali-Sawaaxili ah oo u soo qaxay Baraawe; Kooxo Soomaali iyoBaantuu ah oo u soo qaxay Shabeellada hoose. Cilmi baaristu waxaycaddaysay dhammaan koxahani inay ahaayeen Soomaali (facyaashiiMadanle-Digil/ Mirifle) boqollaal ama kumanyaal sano degenaa gobolkaOmo-Taana, kuwaasoo uu saameeyay weerarkii Oromada iyo fiditaankiiBaantuuga.

Baantuuga oo dhawr qarni ka hor ka soo dhaqaaqay gobolka wabiyadaKongo-Nayjar, 200-400 kii MD ayay soo gaareen bariga Afrika. Muddadii800-1000 kiina aagga Mombaasa23 . Isla 500 ilaa 1500 MD, ayaaNiiliyiinta iyo Niilo-Xaamiyiinta oo ka kala yimi K/Suudaan iyoG/Geeska Afrika, siday u kala horreeyaan, ku faafeen WG ee Kenya.Qarnigii 16aad wuxuu ku astaysanyahay jabkii kowaad ee Soomaalida,kaasoo ay waayeen saddex-dalool, 1/3, ka mid ah dhulkoodii qadiimkaahaa. (Labada gobol ee muhimka u ah taariikhdii hore ee Soomaalida ookala ah: Raascasayr-Shawa- Shabeelle iyo Omo-Taana-Ganaane, waxaa iskuxirayay gobolka dhexe oo aan ugu yeeri karno Hadiya-Hawiye, kaasoo ahkhadka isku xira bar-bilowga wabi Shabeelle iyo xeebta k/bari).

JABKII 2aad:

Inkastoo 1600aadkii Xabashidu ay u jeesatay aagagga Gondor iyo Goojaamayna xasuuqday Agaw iyo Falaasha, haddana ilaa 1850 aadkiidawladnimadii Xabashidu way luntay. Waqtigaan ayaa reer Yurubbilaabeen inay soo nooleeyaan oo bakhti afuufaan Xabashida. 1870Xabasha waxay ka koobnayd Tigray iyo dhul aan ka badnayn 100 km oo isku wareeg ah oo ahaa W/Shawa iyo G/Wallo. Qaybtan oo uu xukumayayMinilik iyo Tigray waxay midoobeen 1889.

Markii ugu horreysay ooXabashidu dib u qabsato dhul Soomaaliyeed waxay ahayd bilowgii1880aadkii, markaasoo Minilik ku soo fiday aagga Haadaamo, bartamahaHawaash. Ha yeeshee dagaalka dhabta ahi wuxuu bilowday Des. 1886 -Jan. 1887 markaasoo ay qabsatay Harar24. Siinta hubka faraha badan eeay ku gaysatay xasuuqa iyo dhaca ka sokow, 1886-1954 Xabasha waxayreer Yurub la saxiixatay ugu yaraan 10 heshiis oo u ogolaanayay inayqabsato dhul Soomaaliyeed ( 1886, 1889, 1897, 1934, 1942, 1944, 1948,iyo 1954; kuwaani kuma jiraan heshiisyada reer Yurub laftigooduu ay ukala saxiixdeen inay qaybiyaan Soomaaliya). Itoobiya 1950aadkii waxayqaadday olole weyn oo ay kaga hortagaysay xorriyaddii Soomaaliya iyomidnimadii labada qaybood. Markay taas reer galbeedka taageera ugaweyday, waxay si ku meel gaar ah isugu xumaadeen saaxiibadeediiIngiriis iyo Maraykan.

Dadaalka ugu weyn ee 1960aadkii lagu horistaagayay in gobolkii Taana (NFD) uu ku biiro Soomaaliya wuxuu kayimi Itoobiya.Itoobiya waxay ahayd dalka kaliya ee is hortaagay xornimada Jabuuti, ucodayntii arrintaas ee Golaha guud ee Ummadaha midoobay 1976. Ilaaqaybo Soomaali ahi ay ka xoroobeen 1960, Itoobiya waxay adduunka kadhaadhacsiinaysay inaanu jirin qaran Soomaaliyeed. Dhinaca ka hortaggadareenka waddaniyadda, Itoobiya waxay ka qayb qaadatay dagaalkiigumaystayaashu la galeen daraawiishta; Xasuuq ayay ku samaysay 1944,1948 iyo 1952, dadka aagga Jigjiga-Harar, badanaa Geri, sababtoo ahinay taageera u muujiyeen SYL amay diideen soo noqoshaddii Xabashida.Ceelcad, Doollo iyo Hawd galbeed ayaa taasoo kale ka dhacday1960aadkii25.40kii sano ee u dhexeeyay Jan. 1887 oo la qabsaday Harar iyo Jan. 1927oo la jabiyay saldanaddi Bari, waxay ku aaddanyihiin jabkii labaad eeSoomaaliya. Ma aha oo kaliya inay ku guuldarraysteen halgankii aygaleen muddadaas, waxay kaloo waayeen daloolkii 2aad ee dalkoodakaasoo u gacan galay Xabashida.

Halgankaas waxaa ugu weynaa lix dagaaloo kala ahaa: Dagaalkii Daraawiishta 1899-1920 kii. Wuxuu ka mid ahaaisticmaar diidyadii ugu khasaaraha weynaa ee adduunka; halaag iyobaaba'a aan hor iyo dib toonna loo arag, ayuu u geystay Nugaal iyohareeraheeda inkastoo uu saameeyay Soomaali badankeeda. DagaalkiiJubba-Wajeer 1890aadkii iyo 1915kii, wuxuu ahaa gadood waana ugukhasaara yaraa. Dagaalkii Sh/hoose: waa goobtii Lafoole 1896 iyodagaalkii Biyamaal 1906-8, daraawiishta ayuu xiriir la lahaa.Dagaalkii Sh. Xasan Barsame, Sh/dhexe Feb.- Abr. 1924 kii. Dagaalkiisaldanadda Hobyo 1925 kii. DagaalKii Majeerteeniya 1925-27.

Talyaanniga oo Bari fallaago u haystay, Ilaa 1901 dii dhawr jeer ayuuka duqeeyay dhinaca badda. Ha yeeshee labadii sano oo ugu danbeeyay,dagaal ciidammada badda iyo kuwa lugtuba ka qayb qaateen wuxuu ahaakii ugu khasaara badnaa kan daraawiishta ka sokow.

Isla markaa hay'adihii siyaasadda ee Soomaalida ee waqtigaasi mamoogeyn khatarta fiditaanka Xabasha iyo dhicitaanka Harar. Ingiriisku1890 wuxuu ku qiyaasay Majeerteeniya ilaa 750 oo qori inay u dirtaybeelo reer galbeed ah oo laga magacaabay Geri, si ay u xoreeyaanHarar. Isla ayaamahaas ayaa maamulkii Ingiriiska ee Berbera sheegayinuu ku gacan sayray wafdi ka yimi Majeerteeniya oo doonayay inuu kadhaadhacsiiyo ciidan ay ka dajiyaan Saylac, ka bacdina ku weeraraanHarar26. Horayna Xirsi Cali oo 1886 amiir Cabdullaahigii Harar ergoahaan ugu diray Ingiriiska si uu ugala hadlo weerarka Xabashida, wuxuuka socday Majeerteeniya, kaasoo markii hore turjumaan carabi u ahaaIngiriiska27. Boqor Cusmaan iyo Keenadiid oo col ahaa 1890aadkii waxayheshiis ku ahaayeen inay Talyaaniga ka dhaadhacsiiyaan inuu u hubeeyo50000 oo nin oo laga qoro Bari iyo Bogox, si ay ugu duulaan Harar.Markii taas lagu diiday, boqor Cusmaan wuxuu u jeestay inuu taageeroSayyid Moxammed, oo uu hub u dirayay 1900-1903.

Keenadiid laftigiisuhub ayuu u dirayay sayyidka, intuuna ka qabsan Galkacyo 1902.Ma garan karno sababta boqorku xiriirka ugu gooyay sayyidka 1904 tii,waxaanse ogsoonnahay Agoosto, xagaagii 1903 dii, sayyidku intuu jidkaku sii jiray inuu fuliyay xasuuqii Ilig-daldale, kaasoo ugu danbeeyaydhawr arrimood oo naxdin leh oo daraawiishtu ku tallaabsatay28.

SABABAHA GUULDARRADA:

Guul darrooyinkaas taariikhiga ah Soomaalida waxaa dhaxal siiyayarrimaha ay ka mid yihiin: hogaamin xumo: wax badan dadku ma araghogaamiye danta ummadda ka hormariya tiisa, oo lagu midoobo; dadka ootaariikhda dalkooda kaga sugan jahliga ugu weyn; dadka badankiisa oowacyigooda siyaasiga ahi hooseeyo; dadka badankiisa oo aan dhaqan ulahayn inay taageeraan awood dhexe, oo ka gudbi la' dareen qabali ahama dan shakhsi ah; ayadoo lagu kufriyay nicmooyin khaas ah oo ay kamid yihiin: caqiido samaawi ah iyo midnimo kaamil ah; marka duruufadagi jirto oo dadka qaarki u wareegaan dhanka cadawga.Marka Biyamaal iyo saaxiibadood ay hor taagnaayeen Talyaanniga, ragkale ayaa kala shaqaynayay qabsashadii Banaadir; Rag ka socda beelahaWG ayaa Ingiriiska u suurta galiyay inuu jabiyo Daraawiish; Rag kasocda koofurta Ximan (Galgaduud) ayaa Talyaanniga u suurta galiyayinuu jabiyo ciidankii Cumar Samatar iyo Xirsi Guushaa;

Inkastoo reerwaqooyiga-Mudug ay qayb ka ahaayeen dagaalladii kululaa ee lagudifaacayay Eyl, haddana aakhirkii dagaalka way ka baxeen, rag katirsan ayaana ku biiray ciidanka reer- Mudugga koofureed oo horaybaTalyaannigu ugu adeegsanayay jabinta Majeerteeniya29. Koox odayaal ahoo wax ma garad ah, ayaa 1940aadkii Itoobiya u kaashatay in Ingiriiskuku wareejiyo Soomaali galbeed, ayagoo dhabar jabiyay ololihii SYL iyoshacabku ugu jireen inaan taasi dhicin30.Inkastoo Soomaalidu ka mid yihiin dadyowga dhiigga ugu badan udaadshay qarannimadooda, haddana ilaa haatan kuma naalloon wax guulah. Waxay ku guuldarraysteen inay iska saxaan gol daloolooyinka laharay. Dhibaato khaariji ahi waxay tahay, Itoobiya oo mar walba udarban inay ka faa'iidaysato gol daloolooyinkaas.

GABAGABO:

Qabiilooyinka maanta degen Burco, Gaalkacyo, Baladweyn, Qoryoolay iwm,450 sano ka hor, waxaa laga yaabaa inaanay halkaa degenayn. Laakiin isbaddalkaasi ma aha mid la dareemi karo, ummad ahaan, waayo kuwa ayagala mid ah ayay baddaleen, kuwaasoo laftigoodu aan ka fogayn halkaas.Dhulka u dhexeeya Harar iyo Hadiya, 450 sano ka hor waxaa degenaa dadsida kuwa Raascasayr ka tala qaadanayay suldaanka Saylac; laqabkamadaxdoodu ahaa "garaad"; dhulkooda magacyadiisa ay ka mid ahaayeen:Wargaal, Buur,Baabsare, Baahila, calamaale, Kob, Dalbaad, Dayr, Racbooda, Gunbura iwm; kuwaasoo 1200kii, Sh. Nuur Xuseenkii Marka kusoo dhaweeyay Baali; kuwaasoo Amxaaradu ka baratay 1332 in qaybta sareee biyaha Shabeelle magacoodu yahay Wabi, Oromaduna ka baratay 1537kii, walina magacaasi yahay kan kaliya ee loo yaqaan halkaas.

Dad ka qarannimo duwan dadkii noocaas ahaa ayaa maanta degen dhulkaas,kuwa ayagii la hayb ahina raja weyn kama qabaan inay sheegtaandhulkaas. Taasi waa natiijada lagu yaqaan marka ummadi kala fahmiweydo farqiga u dhexeeya khilaafka gudaheeda iyo khatarta cadawgeeda.Soomaaliya waxay ku jirtaa jabkeedii 3aad, daloolkii 3aad ee dalkeedaka badbaadayna maanta cidla ayuu yaal; Xabasha waxaa la gudboonxaqiijinta riyadii ay kunka sano rimmanayd, inay maruun kulaashobadweynta Hindiya iyo badda Cas. Meles iyo kooxdiisu waxay jeclaanlahaayeen inay dhamaystiraan shaqadii Camda-siyoon iyo Minilik.Soomaali inay ka soo doogto arrimahaas aan udaynno garashada dadkeedaiyo garnaqa taariikhda.

suleman mousa elmi
Norway
elmi_lion@hotmail.com

Warbixin:-Xasuuqii Waxshiga ahaa ee Taliskii Xabishidda - By Mukhar & Mukhtar

Marka hore waxaan ku bilaabayaa magaca eebe ee naxariista naxariis guud iyo mid gaar ahaaneed. Hadaba, hadaan u gudbo ujeedada igu dhalisay dhanbaalkayga, amaba aan gudagalo ayaa waxay tahay in maalinba maalinta ka danbaysa ay sii fogaanayso colaadii sooyaalka ahayd ee u dhaxaysay shacabka soomaaliyeed iyo xukuumadaha xabashida, Waana taas aan manta u cuskaday qalinka, jecelna inaan daaha ka qaado taariikh aan marnaba duugoobikarin oo arimahan uun la qotonta in kastoo aanan jeclayn inaan diirqaado naburro gaamuray dibna u xasuusiyo shacabka iyo eheladii dhibanayaasha, balse ay tahay dhacdo xusid mudan oo qudhaydu habeeno ka laddi waayay.

Waayo umad kasta oo uunkan ku nooli waxay leedahay dhacdooyin taariikheed oo soo jireen ah oo ay ku dhaataan ama ay ka dhiidhiyaan, waana laba midkood uun,

taariikh xambaarsan badhaadhe iyo himilooyin wanaagsan oo la hantay.
taariikh xambaarsan tiiraanyo, dhiilo ama dhacdo xusuus reeb xun leh .

hadaba dhacdooyinkan is huwan ayaa badanaaba waxa weeleeya maskax kastoo caafimaad qabta taasi oo ku dul suntan, raad-raaca taariikheed ee jiilba jiil uga sii taariikhoodo, arinta aan ugoleeyahay ee aan ubanbaxay wax kaqoristeeda islamarkaana aan ushanqadhiyo dhalinta facayga ah ee gayiga degan ayaa ah, akhristow raad-raaca taariikhda ee guunka ah oo maanta si urugo iyo naxdin leh u xusaysa bar-baartii, ubixii, sida xun ugu riiqday weeraradii waxshiga ahaa ee aan lookaala aabo yeelin ubax iyo xaamilaba.

Hadab bulshoweynta reer Awdal yaa ah bulsho ehel u’ah ilbaxnimo iyo aqoon dabo dheeraatay, isla markaan ku dhaadata taariikh guun ah oo soo jireen ah, waxaaana taasi marag ma doon u ah ilbaxnimadii Adal iyo sooyaalkii soomaaliyeed ee kahaqaaday guud ahaan Awdalta maanta taaso ahayd boqortooyo awood cudud iyo ilbaxnimo gaadhay oo xukunkeedu gaadhsiisnaa ilaa shawa(Ethiopia) taas oo la odhankaro waa halka ilbaxnimadii soomalidu ay ka soo dhab qaadatay .

Hadaba hadii aan ugudo galo dhacdan naxdinta leh ayaa waxay ubilaabmaysaa sidan hoose.

Amintu waa goor barqa ah abaaro 10:30 AM bishii janaayo 1984 kii waana maalin farxad iyo rayn-rayn badan ay dadkuna faras magaalaha Boorama (xarunta iyo caasimada gobalka Awdal) ay tuganyihiin oo raxmaad iyo nimcad illaah ku mashaqeeyay taasi oo ay dheerayd jawi bilan oo ay weheliyaan neecaw iyo reexaan udug badan oo ka soo dhabanaayay dhinaca buuralayda iyo xeebaha gobolka.

Laakiin nasiib daro waayahan faraxa badan u mayna hiilin shacabkii u sacabotumaayay ee u heelanaa, Kadib markii 6 diyaaradood oo nuuca dagaalka ay ka soo gudbeen dhinaca xadka xabashida kuwaas oo bartilmaameed rasmi ah ka dhigtay ubax aan waxba galafsan oo duruus ujoog ku ahaa dugsiyadoodii. Deegaamo xaafadeed iyo xarumo ganacsiba, gardaradaa aan geedna lagula soo gaban ayaa waxaa ku galbaday 37 arday oo da’doodu udhaxaysay (6-14)sano iyo 4 macallin, halka dhaawucuna kor u dhaafay 39 arday iyo 5 macalin kuwaas oo sixun u dhaawacmay ,wxaa kaloo dadka ku nafwaayay kamid haa afar hooyo oo xaamilooyin ahaa kuwaasi uu sugnaa MCH-ka ad dhawaa dudsiyadaasi sida xun loo ataagay.

Markasoo ay bulshada caalamkuna ay ku mashquulsanaayeen waa xiligaasiye ka badbaadinta dhalaanka nafaqadarada, macaluusha, xanuunada iyo cidhibtirka jahlinimada, ayay xukuumada xabashiduna ay awoodeeda ku tijaabisay ubad soomaaliyeed oo birimagayda ah ,shikina kuma jiro in xukuumadaha xabashidu ay yihiin xoog u taagan bur-burinta shacabka iyo bar-baarta uhanaqadaysa gayigan.

Anaga oo kuhadlayna magaca bulshaweynta reer Awdal iyo eheladii dhibanayaasha ayaan ugu baaqaynaa dadyowga nabada jecel in aydhinac uga soo jeestaan ficilada xun ee ay cadaysteen xukuumadahasi xabashidu, arintu sikasta ahaatee dhacdadani waxay fariin ugudbinyasaa bulshoweynta soomaliyeed in ay cadowgooda u foojignadaan waxaana la, arkaa in dhinbiilihii hore ay wali dhab holcinayaan , inkastoo xasuuqaasi naxdin we-wel iyo tiiraanyo ku sogootiyay bulsho weynta reer awdal hadana waxaa xusid mudan in ayna cidna dabooli Karin ubax soo foodhacaaya!! .

Balse su’aasha la isweyndiin karo ayaa ah intee ayuu leekaa taageeradii ay ufidisay xukuumadii milatariga ahayd ee siyaad barre dhibanayaashii ay dhacdani ku hafsatay ?
Jawaabta ayaa ah mid cad dadka inta badana ay aaminsanyihiin in wax gar-gaarah oo sidaasi ubuuran ayna dadkaasi helin ,balse wax uun lagudboonaa dowlada in ay shicibaka ka difaacdo duqaynta arxandarada ah balse taasina ma ay dhicin ,waan taas ta sobobtay in uu wax kooban noqdo taageeradii ay bulshoweynta reer Awdal uqabeen xukuumadii xilligaasi.

Iskusoo wad xooriyoo hada waxaa lataaganyahay xiligii dhibanayaasha lagu xusilahaa taalo laga dhex qotamiyo faras magaalaha caasimada gobolka ee Boorama, si aan maanka iyo quluubta ugu hayno ubaxaasi inaga baxay dhamaanteen ,waayo bulsho kastaa waxa ay leedahay calaamad ay kuxusuusato dhacdooyinkan nuucan oo kale ah .

Gabo-gabada iyo gunaadka qalinkayga urugo qormaaya kuna hadlaya magacayga iyo magaca dhalinta reer awdal iyo magaca qoysaskii dhibtu gaadhay ayaan waxaan tacsi tiiraanyo leh ugubinaynaa dhamaan bulshoweynta reer awdal meelkasta oo ay joogaan dal iyo dibadba iyo guud ahaan bulshoweynta soomaaliyeed ,taariikhduna way xusi ubaxaasi saxiibadayo ,wehelkayo,kuwaas oo nala qoondaynlahaa dhabada nolasha waxaase hubal ah in ay rabi ku galaday janatu firdowsa naxariisna, ay hugooga noqotay dhamaanteen allaah raxmaanka ahi samir iyo iimaan ha inaga siiyo aamiin ..............

Magaacda iyo Sawiradii

ubaxii ama ku nafwaayey
xasuuqii foosha xumaa ee

xabashida...Halkan Riix

Qalinkii iyo qormadii tiiraanyeysnayd ee


Walaalihiin : Mukhtaar C/raxmaan iyo Mukhtaar Ibraahim
Mukhtaar24@rediff.com

Somalia: Africa Insight - Why Talk in Hotels Won't Yield Long Term Peace

Eliezer Wangulu
Nairobi
07 September 2007
The crisis in Somalia has sucked Horn of Africa nations and the U.S. into a vortex of violence that will not end until Somalia evolves and manages its own peace process, writes ELIEZER WANGULU

Towards the end of nineteenth century, Somalia was partitioned between European colonial powers and Ethiopia. The Somali Peninsula, one of the most culturally homogeneous regions of Africa, was divided into British Somaliland, French Somaliland, Italian Somaliland, Ethiopian Somaliland (the Ogaden region), and what is now Kenya's North-Eastern Province.

After the formation of the modern Somali state, which came about as a result of the former British and Italian parts uniting in 1960, Somali leaders became preoccupied with the dream of unifying all areas populated by Somali people into one country to be called the Greater Somalia.
The collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 was followed by a seven-year period of inter and intra clan civil war and banditry throughout the country.
Barre's manipulation of clans had created an atmosphere of mistrust and hostility that gradually weakened traditional and national institutions which were mostly based in Mogadishu. Simply put, when Mogadishu collapsed, as a country, Somalia collapsed as well.
Although unified as a single nation at independence, the south and the north, were, from an institutional point of view, two separate countries. Former colonisers Britain and Italy had left the two regions with separate administrative, legal, and education systems in which affairs were conducted according to different procedures and in different languages.
Police, taxes, and the exchange rates of their respective currencies also differed. Their educated elites had divergent interests, and economic contacts between the two regions were virtually nonexistent.
In 1960, the United Nations created the Consultative Commission for Integration. This was an international board headed by UN official, Paolo Contini, to guide the gradual merger of the new country's legal systems and institutions and to reconcile the differences between them. In 1964, the Consultative Commission for Legislation succeeded this body.
Composed of Somalis, it took up its predecessor's work.
But many southerners believed that, because of experience gained under the Italian trusteeship, theirs was the better prepared of the two regions for self-government. Northern political, administrative and commercial elites were reluctant to recognise that they now had to deal with Mogadishu.
The collapse could also be attributed to certain features of Somali lineage segmentation. The Somali clan organisation is an unstable system, whose main characteristic is ever-shifting allegiances. This segmentation goes down to the household level with the children of a man's two wives sometimes turning against one another on the basis of maternal lines.

Ethnographers state that power, among the Somali, is exercised through temporary coalitions and ephemeral alliances between lineages. A given alliance fragments into competitive units as soon as the situation that necessitated it ceases to exist. In urban settings, for example, where relatively large economic and political stakes are contested, the whole population may be polarised into two opposing camps of clan alliances. To varying degrees, the poles of power in the politics of independent Somalia generally have tended to gravitate around the Daarood clan and a confederacy of the Hawiye and the Isaaq clan families. Amidst the interclan violence that was the order of the day in the early 1990s, Somalis naturally sought comfort in Islam to make sense of their national disaster.

The Somali brand of messianic Islamism (others view it as fundamentalism) sprang up to fill the vacuum created by the collapse of the state. In the disintegrated Somali world of early 1992, Islamism appeared to be largely confined to Bender Cassim, a coastal town in the Majeerteen country. In this town operated assassins belonging to an underground Islamist movement whose adherents wished to purify the country of "infidel" influence.

Recent United States policy on Somalia has only made matters worse in the collapsed state. The Horn of Africa region, which has both suffered attacks by al Qaeda and hosted its agents is a legitimate concern of U.S.
Unholy alliances
According to media analyses, stemming the spread of terrorism and extremist ideologies has become such an overwhelming strategic objective for Washington that it has overshadowed U.S. efforts to resolve conflicts and promote good governance. Counterterrorism is now the main policy preoccupation in the Greater Horn, enjoying the same prioritisation as did anticommunism in the Cold War era.

To realise this aim in the Horn, it is averred that the Bush administration has too often nurtured relationships with autocratic leaders and favoured covert and military action over diplomacy. Sometimes that has even included feting in Langley (CIA headquarters in Virginia, USA) Sudanese officials suspected of having a hand in the massacres in Darfur or handing suitcases full of cash to warlords on the streets of Mogadishu. In Somalia, the core of the Islamist militant movement remains intact after Ethiopia's invasion, its members' passions inflamed by the intervention.

The leaders of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Uganda have used the spectre of war and the imperative of counterterrorism as excuses to crack down on political opponents and restive populations at home.
The humanitarian situation throughout the region, fragile even in times of peace, is now catastrophic. Nearly 9million people have been displaced, and chronic insecurity severely blocks access to humanitarian aid for the more than 16 million people who need it.
History will probably record the Ethiopian government's decision to team up with the U.S. administration for regime change in Somalia as a misadventure. Ethiopia has enough problems at home, brought into sharp relief when forces of an ethnic-Somali separatist group, the Ogaden National Liberation Front, raided an oil exploration facility, killing 74 people, including nine employees of a Chinese oil company.

Armed separatist groups are now changing tactics. Unable to match the army on the battlefield, the Ogaden National Liberation Front has chosen the spectacular to draw attention to its cause.
Only recently, a separatist group in the north tried something similar by kidnapping a group of British diplomats. Both horrific events can be attributed partly to fallout from Ethiopia's messy intervention in neighbouring Somalia.

Initial battles last December were decisively in Ethiopia's favour. But like the Americans in Iraq, the Ethiopians in Somalia were ill prepared for the aftermath. A growing insurgency has delayed the withdrawal of its troops, exposing the government to attacks at home. It has also inflamed tension among ethnic Somalis in Ethiopia. And ironically, the Chinese workers killed near Ethiopia's border with Somalia may have been victims more of Washington's policy in the region than of Beijing's.

The U.S. has actively backed Meles Zenawi's Somali adventure. In doing so it has undermined multilateral efforts to bring about peace. And, beset by two large internal revolts by the Ogadenis and Oromos Ethiopia is at even greater risk, as a dictatorship with little popular support. It is also mired in a conflict with Eritrea, which has denied it secure access to seaports on the Red Sea.

The best antidote to terrorism, according to Horn of Africa analysts say, is stability in Somalia, which the Islamic Courts had provided. The Islamists had strong public support, which had grown in the face of U.S. and Ethiopian interventions. As in other Muslim-Western conflicts, the world, undoubtedly, needs to engage with the Islamists to secure peace.

Now with world attention turning to the Horn of Africa on the suspicion that there are terrorist groups operating out of Somalia Ethiopia's role in the Horn conflict is being looked at differently.
Ethiopia has a very simple objective in Somalia, it is to ensure that no government of national unity is formed and that terrorist groups linked to Al-Qaeda continue to be rumoured to be operating from Somalia. This ensures that it doesn't face a threat from a strong Somalia which has on more than one occasion entered into an all out war with Ethiopia. Despite its statements to the contrary, Ethiopia gains much from the status quo in Somalia. It is therefore no surprise that it linked up with the only other group that gain from the status quo, the warlords.

The objective for the United States being in the fray is quite different. It is simply to prevent Somalia from being an unwilling haven for terrorist groups linked to Al-Qaeda. To pursue that objective, the United States is handicapped by the fact that state authority is limited to only portions of the country.

The United States has everything to gain from the formation of a broad-based all inclusive government and a stable Somalia while Ethiopia, at least in the mind of the Melez Zenaawi government, has everything to lose from such an eventuality.

In so much as this is true, one is forced to conclude that increased scrutiny of Somalia will reveal that Ethiopia's arming of warlords and sabotaging of every attempt at reconciliation derails prospects for peace in the Horn of Africa. And with so much of the world convulsed by crisis, little attention has been paid to this unfolding disaster in the Horn. The UN Security Council, however, did take up the issue, and in another cowardly act which will further cement its reputation as an anti-Muslim body, bowed to American and British pressure to authorise a regional peacekeeping force to enter Somalia to protect the transitional government and fight the Islamic Courts. So far, only Uganda has sent in troops.

Those familiar with Somali society can easily determine that clan loyalties far outweigh any potential appeal of religious extremism. Therefore, organisations such as Al-Qaeda can function only if there is chaos in Somalia. The return of law and order to Somalia is, according to one American analyst of the Somali situation, the draining of the swamp that is so much heard about from Pentagon officials.

He adds: The question is, who is preventing the alleged swamp from being drained in Somalia? He continues: Once we recognise that it is Ethiopia, will recognition come that Ethiopia's activities ensure the continuation of a potentially hospitable environment to an organisation that represents a clear and present danger to the United States and indeed the world?

The African Union (AU) has backed Ethiopia's military involvement in the growing crisis in Somalia.
There are, however, those who see logic in this decision. The Somali government, which was formed two years ago after months of bitter wrangling among Somali factions, was the 14th attempt to establish a new government for the country. When the new government was formed, President Abdullahi Yusuf was recognised not only by the African Union, but also by the United Nations.
To prevent Somalia's transitional government from being crushed in its final stronghold in the south-central Somali city of Baidoa, Ethiopia dispatched thousands of troops as well as aircraft in a major campaign. The Ethiopian campaign has been successful to date, with Ethiopian troops capturing Mogadishu and scattering the ICU's fighters.
Ethiopia's longtime rival, Eritrea, had troops in the country for about four months prior to the invasion. A confidential UN report drafted by the Monitoring Group on Somalia in late 2006 states that "2,000 fully equipped combat troops from Eritrea" arrived to the north of Mogadishu in late August, and redeployed to different areas held by the ICU.
According to high-level sources in Somalia's transitional government and U.S. intelligence, these Eritrean troops never left the country.
Eritrea has a history of violence with its larger neighbour. Eritrea fought a bloody campaign for independence from Ethiopia, which had annexed it in the early 1960s, and has since fought a border war with Ethiopia from 1998 until December 2000.
Eritrea supported the ICU as a proxy intended to destabilise Ethiopia, Dahir Jibreel, an international cooperation official for Somalia's transitional government, says.
Ismael "Buubba" Hurreh, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation for the Transitional Government of Somalia once confirmed that Eritrean soldiers had been fighting on the front lines alongside the ICU.
This revelation sheds further light on how Eritrea has actively helped the ICU try to topple Somalia's secular government. While the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia's report makes it clear that Eritrea greatly assisted the Islamic Courts prior to the outbreak of the conflict with Ethiopia, this is the first confirmation that Eritrean troops have assumed an active combat role.
The transitional government, on the other hand, is dominated by the warlords and terrorists who drove out American forces in 1993. Organised in Kenya by U.S. regional allies, the TNG seriously lacks internal legitimacy, which is why it has turned to Somalia's archenemy, Ethiopia, for assistance.

If this war continues, it will affect the whole region, do serious harm to U.S. interests and threaten Kenya, the only island of stability in this corner of Africa.

What does the future hold for Somalia? In the best case scenario, observers say, the country will be de-centralised into smaller manageable units. Each unit will need to develop its own economic base and modern institutions, including all levels of education, to allow it to exist as viable entity. If Somalia evolves in this way it will also be able to tap the potential resources of the country more efficiently. The sum of the decentralised units will make up a strong nation with many functioning elements.

A study group commissioned by the European Union with the assistance of the UN Development Office also concluded in "A study of Decentralised Political Structure for Somalia 1995" that the country should be de-centralised into "a federal or confederate or even into decentralised unitary state."
The study also concluded that the "bottom up approach," which essentially means the building of political structures in which full participation of the civil society is ensured, was the only viable option for the reconstitution of Somalia as a nation. It also explicitly acknowledged the failure of big centralised structures to bring peace. The so-called Northern Recovery Area, which is made up of two 'states' - Somaliland and Puntland, is leading in the implementation of the "bottom up approach."

It is also possible, according to another school of thought that Somalia could break up into a number of tribal republics following the example of Somaliland, which seceded in 1991. Somaliland's justification for secession was based on the historical fact that it was a British colony while the rest of the former Somali state was an Italian possession. Many Somalis question the validity of this argument.

The breakaway of Somaliland will undoubtedly encourage some other groups to do likewise. This could be a devastating option to choose because of the potential for disputes over land jurisdiction. Puntland is already involved in such a dispute with Somaliland and because of the Somali nomadic way of life the tribal habitats constantly changing frontiers. There are no tribal designated areas, and usually no clear tribal frontiers in the Somali territories.

The notion of breaking up the country into tribal republics could well prove unworkable. The regional state of Puntland may, however, be laying the foundations for the reconstitution of the Somali nation. The international community has attempted, on several occasions, to bail Somalia out of the current quagmire through a series of mediations, reports and intervention by the United Nations, none of which have borne fruit due to failure to diagnose the genesis of the problems plaguing this country. It is important to view the current conflagrations and Somalia's statelessness in the context of the country's history which has been punctuated by turmoil . Nomadism is a key variable as well.

The international community should try to put the Somali issue in its proper historical perspective to understand the underlying root causes of the Somali crises. Somalia is now experiencing a process of re-birth, constructing a new nation from scratch.
This natural process will take time to crystallise and to become established. The actions of the international community have so far been directed at stopping or slowing down this evolutionary process by proposing unworkable political solutions to the successive crises. Many efforts have been devoted to the application of the wrong solutions, and very little to understanding the real problems. This is why a dozen reconciliation conferences have failed in the last eight years. The 1992 UN intervention also failed.

According to experts on the Somali crises, the international community can only help if it will accept that the Somali problems have to be solved by the Somalis themselves. An evolutionary process should be left to take its natural course.

A new Somalia has been taking shape for some years now, but interference by some of the regional powers in the country's internal civil conflicts, together with the uncoordinated actions of the international community, are only serving to prolong the civil conflict.

It should be stressed that Somali clan politics is treacherous and can be extremely frustrating for those who do not understand the country's political structures and the way that the delicate balance of power is maintained.

Eliezer Wangulu is a communications consultant in Puntland.

Africa Insight is an initiative of the Nation Media Group's Africa Media Network Project.

Source: AllAfrica

The Barbaric Ethiopian Aggressive Air Raid on Borama's Primary Schools (Train-ka) - Mukhtar Abdirahman And Mukhtar Ibrahim

As we know every society dwells on this universal, has a deep historical events which express their joys , or sorrows or unforgettable episodes left them painful memories during their prime life or later, actually keeping history in a record or in museum is the best way to know something about specific community dwells on this world, which deals history, culture, ethnic, or other previous backgrounds.

Enhance Awdal community is one of those communities which we mentioned above those had already been century an old historical ties, long before they ever were anywhere else in Somali spoken territory. the best example of this, the long lasting empire called Adal Empire, which ruled from Zeila and even Shawa Ethiopia, it was powerful empire and defeated many Christian’s rulers.

On January 30 in 1984 was bright nice day cloudy with sunny intervals accompany a gentle breeze were blowing from the coastal direction, people in Borama city enjoying wonderful climate and happy day, but this positive feeling wouldn’t develop so long happiness as soon as it changed the darkest day at Borama history, at this moment the big clock hand stopped 10:35AM.

When six Ethiopian jet fighters raided Borama the capital of Awdal region, the war planes bombed 4 primary schools, residential buildings and market places, In that aggression among.37 school children (6-14 years old) and four teachers were killed 39 more school children and 5 teachers were badly injured, in time when the world nations were busy in saving children from malnutrition, hunger, disease and ignorance, the Ethiopian regime is directing its military and human efforts to kill and massacre Somali children.

and there is no doubt at all that Ethiopian regime is ruthless enemy that indiscriminately livestock and massacre human being both children and adults in violation of all human rights and international laws.
On behave of Awdal community and the effected families, we appeal to all peace loving people and international organization to condemn the barbaric Ethiopian aggressive air raid to Somali schools.

Any how, it is clear this atrocity sends impels to entire Somali nation about their only enemy Ethiopia, and also remember that an old sparks can still create heat! But the massacre happened that day on January 30th 1984; I deeply believe that no one can shut a rose turn up. But the big question on the table is, how Mohamed Siyad Bare military government responds this massacre or is there was any emergence aid brought to the victims
Really the answer is clear, and it is obviously to the most people in the region.

They are deeply believed that the government did not full-fill its responsibility. We did not receive neither emergence aid nor help from the government. We all know that we can not ask compensation from the Ethiopian dictator Migusto all we get was a small items of food from NGO's. Most Awdalties were telling the government to do something or the government had to protect the city from further bombardment. At-least, the crime that committed against young students had to be presented to the international community, but this is not happen absolutely. This shortened the moral support of the most Awdalties to the government.


All in all, it is true that memory wanders as shadow fall back today's darkness; days beyond recall vision comes before us so gloomy, so anxiety of her lips now silent and whose lips are closed in patient !!!
Now it is time to get to the path of creating memorial tower in the city centre for the victims of that day which will be remembered forever in our hearts and on the walls of history, and it is the best way to honour those fine souls who passed away that day. Especially which helping today’s new generation to know more about their previous history, also we have to keep in mind because every society has a sad stories to remember like this event.

Finally, I conclude my long running gloomy pen, On behave of Awdal community In Djibouti republic and the effected families, expressing of condolence with a deepest sympathy from deep in our heart to those demised Awdalties society who lost their beloved children, our childhood friends, our buddies those who would attend peaceful elementary schools and walk with us down the path of life. Unfortunately we miss those who died that day and may Allah rest their souls in paradise; May Allah blesses our dear friends who are alive.

Insha’Allah, surely goodness and mercy shall flow them after here!!! We see Ethiopian war machine again in Somali territory. We hope we will prevail, and history will never repeat itself. Ethiopians can not kill innocent Somali school children again.

Here is a list of the school children, who were killed by the Ethiopian war planes in the primary schools of Borama (the capital of Awdal)

Here is the List of the Victims:

1- Ilyaas Ibraahim Maydhane (Sanqadhi)
2-Ismaaciil Muuse Tubeec
3-Abadir X/ibrahim Xaaji
4-Axmed Idiris Ibraahim
5-Axmed Ibraahim X/ bookh
6-Ubax Cumar Maydhane
7-Anisa daahir Caateeye
8-Maxamuud Maxamed Daahir
9-Yaassiin Daahir Ibraahim
10-Abdi Hassan Cali
11-Abdi Ahmed Yuusuf
12-Husseen Maxamed Nuur
13-Sacaada Cabdulle Faarah
14-Maxamed Xasan Faarah
15-Nimca Maxamed Xirsi
16-Raashid Huseen Cige
17-Cabdi Ismaaciil Xasan
18-Maxamed Aw/ Aadan Cabdi
19-Khadra Maxamed Xirsi
20-Maxamed Idiris Miicaad
21-A/risaaq SH/maxamed
22-Sahra Aaden
23-Faadumo ------------
24-Fa’isa H/Ibraahim Muuse
25-Ruqiya Maydhane Muxumed
26-Hibo Axmed Ali yey
27-Maxamed Xasan Xandulle
28-Hinda Axmed Cilmi (Soodaan)
29-Hibo Barkhad Qayaad
30-Qayaad Barkhad Qayaad
31-Deeqa Yuusuf Cige
32-mustafe Cilmi Weyrax
33-C/laahi Nuur Cumar
34-Axmed Cabdi Barre
35-Kaltuun Abubakar Sheekh
36-Warla Cilmi Subagle
37-Sucaad Cali Obsiiye

We here congratulating Da’san youth organization who are talent generation and preparing to build memorial tower for all awdalities heroes, if you want any further information about this gloomy episode don’t hesitate to contact us via email and we will sent you all information about this event.

Written by: Mukhtar Abdirahman & Mukhtar Ibrahim
Mukhtaar24@rediff.com
mukhtaar24@hotmail.fr

Iqra Stars Did it Again - Suleiman Dugsiye (Warsan Magazine)

Warsan magazine was cordially invited to attend a fund raising function for Iqra program on September 1st that was held at Ibnu Batuta School in Ottawa. Mr. Bahdon and I had the honor to represent Warsan magazine to attend the function.

Fully prepared with our tools of trade, we were there on time, and were greeted by the dynamic event organizers. There we found a lot of happy community members who were all excited to attend the function.

The function was a well planned, smooth running, entertaining, educational and like never seen before kind of a function. It was well coordinated. There were memorable speeches, and the speakers were well known scholars.

After The usual recitation of Ayah from the holly Quran for the opening of the program, Mohamed Abdi was the first to speak. After a short introduction about the history of Iqra program, Mohamed extensively talked about the programs accomplished and the need that still exists in the regions of rural Awdal.

Mr. Mohamed Abdi reminded the audience that poverty around Awdal is restricting the potential of a whole generation of children and youth. He added that the lack of education, in turn, contributes more towards extreme poverty. But the fact is, he said; we can contribute a lot to help our children get education, and this task lies on our shoulders and we must all take responsibility for contributing to this goal. Mr. Mohamed urged all the audience to donate generously to help the children and reminded them that it takes a whole community to educate a child in these difficult times.

Mr. Mohamed, a smooth talker delivered an emotional speech. I could tell from the faces of the audience that they were all in high gear of emotions. I my self was moved several times by what Mohamed was saying. I remember instances in which my heart was whispering to me and reminding me if only most of us even think about how fortunate we are to have had a good education. Mohamed concluded his speech by reminding them that education is the transmission of civilization and urged them to participate in the Iqra program and welcomed their contribution of ideas to further develop the program as well as donating generously to the program.

Sheikh Hadi then took the microphone and began his speech with "Quran" and "Duco." Sheikh Hadi left no stone unturned and urged the public to unite and help each other, supporting his sentences with Suras from our holly Quran and Axaadiis. He talked about the good things done by IQRA program and challenged every one to donate. Sheikh Hadi reminded the audience that charity starts at home and that this kind of charity is Al-sadaqa al-jariya - one of three things that benefit a Muslim after he/she parts with life. This is what the Prophet Muhammad (SCW) taught. It is an act of charity whose benefits continue after a person passes away, he added.

What a talented and distinguished speakers. All of them had definitely a gift for speeches. The environment was surely pleasant. Every body was happy. There were a lot of applauds and standing ovations every now and then. One could tell from the faces of the crowd that they were enjoying like they never had it so good for a long time. The speeches drew the audience in and held their attention for hours. There was never a dull moment.

This piece will not be complete with out mentioning about the food. The food served was excellent. The food was something that can not be described in words. But you can imagine the taste of the famous "Sambousa, Baagiye, Kackac, cheese buns, etc." light but delicious food that every body enjoyed. In a net shell, the function was one of its kinds.

After a short break in which people enjoyed the food, Sheikh Hadi told the audience that the people who help others to get education have chosen a life of "giving", a part of themselves to someone they do not even really know. I have the greatest respect for those very special people who dedicated their lives to help children get education he added. Sheikh Hadi also gave the audience a good dose of the Islamic history of Adel and talked about Muliyooy Saa See - a book he wrote.

Mr. Mohamed Hashi spoke then. He talked about the importance of education and stressed on the difficulties facing our communities. In his speech Hashi reminded the crowd the importance of preserving our traditions, culture and norms. He stressed on the importance of teaching our children the Somali language. He mentioned how the Somalis are receptive to outside cultures and urged every body to keep an eye on our culture and the common good. He concluded by thanking Iqra group for the good things they do for helping the children in need.

From Warsan crew to Iqra stars:

Ladies and gentlemen, we will always remember your help to our children during these times of need. It takes a special group to aid the future generations. You captured a special place in our hearts. Your actions are wonderful lessons to the rest of us. We salute you on behalf of Awdal. You stood up for our children and surely your efforts made a difference. We admire your willingness, energy, and organizational abilities. Every member of our community joins with us in thanking you for what you did. You proved to us that you are the elite and the back bone of Awdal. One day you will be glad to know that your efforts did not go unheeded.

To The Organizing Committee:
When a fund-raising function is success, the credit starts with the planning committee. Ladies and gentlemen, your fine work and the excellent planning resulted in an informative and smooth running function.

Mohamed Abdi
Rashid Omer
Hassan Ibrahim Haji Kheyreh
Farhan Hassan
Oubado Mohamoud
Saaada Ismail
Zahra Ibrahim
Moumina Ali

Thanks to you, the community now has an outstanding model to follow always.

My opinion about Muliyay Saa See:

Featuring stunning images, revealing maps, and historic facts, Muliyay Saa See is carefully balanced to provide readers with a deeper comprehension of Somali history in general and Adel history in particular. It's a challenge that calls for an open mind and a clear perspective on the people, events, and issues that shaped Adel society. This book of the cultural, Islamic and political history of Adel is a must reader for the people of Awdal and I recommend the book to be a house hold item.

The book would also make a classic textbook and reference for students, researchers, and institutions needing comprehensive information about the history of Adel and I therefore, urge Awdal educational authorities to give a good consideration to the idea of teaching this book in Awdal schools. It is my pleasure to thank sheikh Hadi for reviving Adel’s rich history.

Message from the organizers:

The organizers wish to thank the communities and all the supporters of IQRA everywhere and at the same time are appealing to everyone who can contribute to this noble cause to please come forward and contact them at http://us.f530.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=info@readngo.org.

Conclusion:

It is apparent that education has the capacity to break the vicious cycle of poverty. If you feed a child suffering from the many atrocities of extreme poverty, he/she will live for a while. But educating that child will build his/her own way out of poverty; will contribute towards the community and the overall uplifting of that society. Iqra is an organization that shares these thoughts. Iqra is in fact the only non-governmental organization creating real and lasting change for children in need in Awdal. It strives to ensure the educational well-being of impoverished children in Awdal.
As we say; Ishaa macalin ah. Let what we saw be lessons to us. Let us follow the leaders and imitate the actions of the Iqra group. They proved to us what we knew all along...That we can do it.... Yes we can ... Shoulder to shoulder, folding our sleeves let us all be part of the success story. Let us participate helping our young generations.... and remember ... donate to Iqra programs.

Suleiman Abdi Dugsiye
Warsan Magazine
Ottawa. Canada
douksi@warsanmag.com